RFID 41 RFID IC Summary IC RFID LF Low FrequencyHF High FrequencyUHF Ultra High Frequency Suica PASMO HF 13.56 MHz UHF 950 MHz Key words RFID The Subject and Technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Readers Masayuki Arai RFID IC IC 1 RFID 20 LF FA Factory Automation Pallet HF 13.56 MHz 1999 ISO/ IEC-14443 TypeA IC IC Mifare taspo 2001 Tokyo Keiki Inc., Tokyo, 144-8551 Japan Suica IC Felica NFC Near Field Communication ISO International Standard Organization ISO/IEC-18092 ISO/IEC- 14443 Type B IC IC IC ISO/ IEC-18000-3 Mode1 ISO/ IEC-15693 UHF 950 MHz 2005 4 952 954 MHz IC EPCglobal RFID ISO EPCglobal C1G2 ISO/ IEC-18000-6C 1 UHF RFID 2008 5 29 950 MHz IC 950 MHz Inductance coupling Near Field Item Level Tag RFID 1 IC 125 135 khz 13.56 MHz 433 MHz 950 MHz 2.45 GHz
433 MHz 950 MHz 2.45 GHz ISO/IEC-18000-7 ISO/IEC-18000-4 (M2) EPC C1 G2 950 MHz 2.45 GHz 950 MHz 2.45 GHz ISO/IEC-18000-6 (Type-A, B, C) ISO/IEC-18000-4 (M1) < 135 khz ISO/IEC-18000-2 (Type-1, 2) RFID 13.56 MHz ISO/IEC-18000-3 (Mode-1, 2) Mifare taspo ISO/IEC-14443A 13.56 MHz ISO/IEC-15693 ISO/IEC-14443B 13.56 MHz NFCIP-2 Felica ISO/IEC-18092 13.56 MHz ISO/IEC-21481 1 RFID HF RFID 10 ISO/IEC HF UHF RFID 2 HF UHF RFID HF UHF 2 HF HF m/2r 13.56 MHz H R 3 n 0 B IC Q N V 2 IC Z 2 24 UHF UHF 950 MHz 13.56 MHz 70 950 MHz 5 HF UHF IC 2 3 UHF 3 UHF UHF IC 1 42 NO. 7 2008
RFID 43 PTX GTX V 1 V r Z 1 & I 1 D r1 Reader L 1 & N 1 & r 1 V r = ( Z ( ωm ) 1 + ) 2 I 1 µ M = 0 D r1 2 2 (D r1 2 +X (m/4 rr) 2 IC Ae R S PR X2 IC PR X1 64 PR X1 IC 2 ) 3 PT x PR x1 Z 2 X M Z 2 & V 2 D r2 R 2 L 2 & N 2 & r 2 S = D r2 2 Tag or Card V 2 = ωn 2 SQ µ 0 H cosα 1 S N 1 N 2 = K L 1 L 2 Q = (r 2 / ωl 2 ) + ( ωl 2 /R 2 ) 2 HF GT x Reader PR x1 = PT x ( /4 R)4 GT 2 2 λ π x GR x PT x GT x PR x1 R GR x C1 3 HF RFID IC Suica PASMO Edy RFID IC 1 IC M C2 L 1 L2 Z 1 V1 Z in Z2 V2 Tag r 1 I 1 UID Unique-Item IdentificationUID UHF IC IC r2 (ωm )2 Z in = Z 1 + Chip λ 2 GR x A e = 4π PR x2 = S A e PR x2 GR x SW/m 2 A em 2 3 UHF PT x GT x S = 4 π R 2 Z2
7 IC IC DES Data- Encryption-Standard RSA Rivest- Shamir-Adelman 89 4 HF RFID 4.1 1 ISO/IEC-14443 ISO/IEC-18092 ISO/IEC-15693 3 ISO/IEC-14443 A B ISO/IEC-14443-1 ISO/IEC-14443-2 ISO/IEC-14443-3 ISO/ IEC-14443-4 10 A B A 100100 %ASK Amplitude Shift Keying ASK B 10 NRZ Non Return to ZeroBPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying NRZ ISO/IEC-18092 10 100 10 A IC IC CPU Central Processing Unit 13.56 MHz 100 B CPU CPU 10 NRZ 10 11 ISO/IEC-15693 PPM Pulse Position Moduration 13.56 MHz 7 khz IC 12 4 Felica ISO/IEC-18092 ISO/IEC-18092 212 kbit/s 13 1 ISO/IEC-14443 ISO/IEC-15693 ISO/IEC-18092 A B 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 13.56 MHz 339 khz 106 khz 424 khz ASK100 ASK10 ASK10 ASK100 ASK10 NRZ PPM 1 256 PPM 1 4 106 kbit/s 106 kbit/s 212 kbit/s 1.65 kbit/s 26.4 kbit/s 106 kbit/s 106 kbit/s 212 kbit/s 6.62 kbit/s 26.4 kbit/s 847.5kHz 847.5 khz 423.75 khz 484.28 khz 423 khz ASK BPSK ASK FSK ASK NRZ 44 NO. 7 2008
RFID 45 423 khz NRZ 847.5 khz 13.56 MHz 2 2 NRZ NRZ ISO/IEC-18092 r 2 212 khz NRZ CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRC 15 G(x) = X16 + X12 + X5 + 1 5 UHF RFID 2 BPSKNRZ 2 5 UHF RFID 13.56 MHz 212 khz 423 khz 847.5 khz 423 khz 212 khz 4 14.407 MHz 13.772 MHz 847.5 khz ISO/IEC18092 ISO/IEC14443A/B ISO/IEC15693 DSP Digital Signal ProcessorDAC Digital to Analog ConverterADC Analog to Digital Converter CPU FPGA 4 FPGA CPU Driver DBM Double Balanced Mixer SAW Surface Acoustic Wave LNA low noise amplifieriq Inphase/Quadrature LPF Low Pass Filter 2 LBT Listen Before Talk FPGA NRZ PIE Pulse Interval Encoding CRC FM0 bi-phase space Millersubcarrier CRC CPU
FPGA VCO & PLL DBM SAW Monostatic Ant Bistatic Ant Circularly polarized Ant AMP LPF CPU CODEC LBT BPF & AMP I AMP Q AMP LPF SW IQ LNA 5 UHF RFID 2 UHF ISO/IEC-18000-6A ISO/IEC-18000-6B ISO/IEC-18000-6C 860 960 MHz 860 960 MHz 860 960 MHz 27 100 18 or 100 80 100 DSB-ASK SSB-ASK DSB-ASK SSB-ASK PIE PIE DSB-ASK SSB-ASK or PR-ASK 33 kbit/s 10 or 40 kbit/s 26.7 128 kbit/s ASK ASK ASK or PSK 40 kbit/s 40 kbit/s 40 640 kbit/s FM0 5 320 kbit/s Msub Aloha Binary Tree Slotted Random FM0 FM0 FM0 or Miller subcarrier PIE Pulse Interval Encoding FM0 bi-phase space Miller subcarrier DSB Double Side Band -ASK PR Phase Reversed -ASK 2 ISO/IEC-18000 UHF 2 ISO/IEC- 18000-6C UHF RFID 5.1 6 7 ISO/IEC- 18000-6C Dense Reader Mode Dense Reader Mode Tari 30 dbc 60 dbc db 100 khz 10 dbm/100 khz 29 dbm/100 khz Dense Reader Mode 46 NO. 7 2008
RFID 47 952 MHz 36 dbm/100 khz 0.5 dbm/200 khz 10 dbm/100 khz 29 dbm/100 khz 39 dbm/200 khz 69 dbc 0.5 dbm/200 khz 14 EIRP= 30 dbm 39 dbm/100 khz 61 dbm/100 khz 71 dbm/100 khz 30 dbm 30 dbm 200 khz f c 200 khz BPF Band Pass Filter SAW 200 khz 200 khz f c 715 945 950 952 954 956 960 1000 1884.5 1919.6 [MHz] PDC/IMT-2000 PDC PHS 6 7 40 dbm/100 khz f c + 200 khz 29 dbc 30 dbc 59 dbc 10 mw 3 dbi 1 W 6 dbi 952 955 MHz 952 954 MHz 14 200 khz 9 200 khz LBT 10 15 ms, 64 dbm 5 10 ms, 74 dbm 1 s 100 ms 4 s 50 ms 18 dbm 0.5 dbm * EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 2 1884.5 MHz 1919.6 MHz 61 dbm/1 MHz 40 kbit/s 160 kbit/s DSP
1516 5.2 FM0 Miller subcarrier 8 FM0 9 Miller subcarrier FM0 IC IC LBT Listen Before Talk 74 dbm IC FM0 40 kbit/s IQ Inphase/Quadrature 90 DC Direct Current DC 200 khz 400 khz DC 2 FM0 NRZ 9 Miller subcarrier IC LF 200 khz 1 3 2 LBT Miller subcarrier Miller subcarrier 200 khz IQ Inphase/Quadrature 90 200 khz 4 5 400 khz DC 2 50 kbit/s Miller subcarrier NRZ I Q 90 90 IC 1/4 m IC 1/8 m I Q FM0 Miller subcarrier LBT DC 40 kbit/s CH1 FM0 CH12 CH2 CH3IM2, IM3 LBT 952.2 MHz CH1 952.6 MHz CH3 952.4 MHz CH2 IQ 40 khz 200 khz 400 khz 40 khz 200 khz 8 FM0 48 NO. 7 2008
RFID 49 DC MS 50 khz DCR DC CH1CH32 CH4 CH5IM2, IM3 IQ DC AGC DC 17 IIP3 Input Third-order Intercept point IIP2 Input Second-order Intercept point IIP3 IIP2 952.2 MHz CH2 CH5 CH 952.8 MHz CH4 952.2 MHz CH1 CH 200 khz 400 khz 600 khz 50 khz 200 khz 50 kbit/s Miller subcarrier 200 khz M4 MS CH2 LBT 952.6 MHz CH3 CH 9 Miller subcarrier DC IIP2, IIP3 3 UHF RFID 2 DSB-ASK PR-ASK 4 10 UHF RFID 6 RFID DBM RFID 10 UHF RFID HF RFID
NFCIP-2 Near Field Communication UHF LBT Miller subcarrier & 1819 7 HF ISO/IEC-14443AB ISO/ IEC-18092 ISO/IEC-15693 UHF RFID RFID RFID RFID IC IC HF UHF RFID Everett, CEO, Smart Card Group. http://www.smartcard.co.uk/mifare.html 10 ISO/IEC FCD 14443-3, Identification cards contactless integrated circuit (s) cards proximity cards Part 3: Initialization and anticollision, 1999. 11 M. Hecht and A. Guida, Delay Modulation, Proc. IEEE, pp.1314 1316, July 1969. 12 ISO/IEC18000, Part3, Information Technology AIDC, Techniques-RFID, for Item, Management-Air-Interface, Part-3 Parameters for air interface communications at 13.56 MHz, 2002. 13 Standard, ECMA-340, Second Edition/Dec. 2004. Near Field Communication Interface and Protocol (NFCIP-1). 14 950MHz 2006. 15 RFID OMRON TECHNICS vol.47, no.2, pp. 75 79, 2006. 16 2006 CBS-1-1 March 2006 17 2005. 18 Dec 2007 19 RFID March 2008 20 5 7 8 18 53 46 LF HF RFID UHF RFID 950 MHz 1 2 JAISA 1 EPCglobal, EPC Radio-Frequency Identity Protocols C l a s s - 1 G e n e r a t i o n - 2 U H F R F I D Pro t o c o l f o r Communications at 860MHz-960MHz, Version 1.1.0, 2005. 2 1994. 3 1971 4 T. A. Scharfeld, An analysis of the fundamental constraints on low cost passive radio-frequency identification system design, Northwestern University at the Massachusettts Institute of Technology, pp.22 36, Aug. 2001. 5 D. M. Dobkin, S. M. Weigand, and N. Iye, Segmented magnetic antennas for near-field UHF RFID, Microw. J., vol.50, no.6, June 2007. h t t p : / / w w w. m w j o u r n a l. c o m / J o u r n a l / a r t i c l e. a s p?hh_id=ar_4597 6 K. Finkenzeller, Fundamentals and Applications in Contactless Smart Cards and Identification, Second ed., RFID Handbook, 2006. 7 RFID 2006 8 American Public Transit Association, Universal Transit Fare card Standards (UTFS), Trendsin electronic fare media technology, Version 1.40, Dec. 2003. 9 Mifare In Security Update January 2008 By Dr David 50 NO. 7 2008