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157 C6 T1 C8/T1 TOS true neurogenic TOS T1 C8 Key Words : brachial plexopathy, sensory nerve conduction studies, needle EMG, thoracic outlet syndrome, neuralgic amyotrophy 1 2 1 3 C5 T1 5 root trunk division cord

158 41 3 1 2 C5 terminal nerve 5 4 supraclavicular retroclavicular infraclavicular 4 Erb trunk root 1 early branching C5 C7 3 1 Horner Horner T1 nerve conduction study; NCS motor nerve con duction study; MCS sensory nerve conduction study; SCS somatosensory evoked potential; SEP 1 MCS MCS SCS compound muscle action potential; CMAP MCS CMAP MCS SCS MCS abductor pollicis brevis; APB T1 abductor digiti minimi; ADM C8 5 extensor indcis; EI

159 2 2 SCS LAC ; C6 ; C6/7 ; C6 C7 C8 ; C8 MAC ; T1 MCS APB T1 ADM C8 C8 MCS MCS CMAP MCS Erb CMAP Erb 2 SCS SCS SCS sensory nerve action potential; SNAP cervical spondylotic myelopathy; CSM cervical spondylotic radiculopathy; CSR SNAP CSR CTS double crush 6 7 SCS SCS C6 T1 4 SCS Cleveland Clinic Wilbourn Ferrante 4 5 8 2 LAC MAC 7 SNAP 50 3 1

160 2 3 subclinical CMAP motor unit potential; MUP denervation CSR CSM CSR denervation 9 10 MUP multifidus 11 12 CSR 4 SEP SEP Waller SEP 41 3 MCS SEP 13 SEP 1 TOS TOS true neurogenic TOS disputed neurogenic TOS TOS 14 15 16 14 17 True neurogenic TOS CTS T1 C8 5 T1 C8 Morley Adson Allen TOS Roos 3 CTS 18 19 True neurogenic TOS SCS MAC MCS APB ADM 3 10 14 17 NCS TOS MCS Erb

161 3 True neurogenic TOS 14 21 MMT APB 3 ADM 4 5 T1 MCS MAC SCS C8 MCS SCS SCS C6 C7 SCS T1 C8 20 21 22 2 Horner 4 23 24 4 SCS MCS 23 24 4 3 C8 C8 Levin 5 25 SCS 4 C8 25 4 NA NA 26 28

162 41 3 4 C8 25 54 C8 MCS SCS SCS MAC SNAP C8 C8 1 2 CSR 10 29 30 NA 26 28 NA NA 30 31 NA SNAP 26 32 34 1 : 35: 117 122, 2007. 2 : 26: 23 30, 3 : Clinical Neuroscience 30: 1123 1127, 2012. 4 Ferrante MA: Brachial plexopathies: classification, causes, and consequences. Muscle Nerve 30: 547 568, 2004. 5 Levin KH, Wilbourn AJ, Maggiano HJ: Cervical rib and median sternotomy-related brachial plexopathies: a reassessment. Neurology 50: 1407 1413, 1998. 6 Wilbourn AJ, Gilliatt RW: Double-crush syndrome: a critical analysis. Neurology 49: 21 29, 1997. 7 : 25: 1129 1137, 2012. 8 Ferrante MA, Wilbourn AJ: The utility of various sensory nerve conduction responses in assessing brachial plexopathies. Muscle Nerve 18: 879 889, 1995. 9 Wilbourn AJ, Aminoff MJ: The electrodiagnostic examination in patients with radiculopathies. Muscle Nerve 21: 1612 1631,

1998. 10 : 18: 441 449, 2005. 11 Haig AJ, Moffroid M, Henry S, et al: A technique for needle localization in paraspinal muscles with cadaveric confirmation. Muscle Nerve 14: 521 526, 1991. 12 Kimura J: Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle: Principles and Practice. F. A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, p 457, 1983. 13 Jones SJ, Wynn Parry CB, Landi A: Diagnosis of brachial plexus traction lesions by sensory nerve action potentials and somatosensory evoked potentials. Injury 12: 376 382, 1982. 14 : True neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome TOS 40: 131 139, 2012. 15 Roos DB: Thoracic outlet syndrome is underdiagnosed. Muscle Nerve 22: 126 129, 1999. 16 Wilbourn AJ: Thoracic outlet syndrome is overdiagnosed. Muscle Nerve 22: 130 136, 1999. 17 : true neurogenic TOS 25: 592 599, 2012. 18 Plewa MC, Delinger M: The false-positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome shoulder maneuvers in healthy subjects. Acad Emerg Med 5: 337 342, 1998. 19 Nord KM, Kapoor P, Fisher J, et al: False positive rate of thoracic outlet syndrome diagnostic maneuvers. Electromyogr Clin Neuro physiol 48: 67 74, 2008. 20 Urschel HC Jr: Management of the thoracic-outlet syndrome. N Engl J Med 286: 1140 1143, 1972. 21 Wilbourn AJ, Lederman RJ: Evidence for conduction delay in thoracic-outlet syndrome is challenged. N Engl J Med 310: 163 1052 1053, 1984. 22 Urschel HC: Reply. N Engl J Med 310: 1053, 1984. 23 Lederman RJ, Wilbourn AJ: Brachial plexopathy: recurrent cancer or radiation? Neurology 34: 1331 1335, 1984. 24 Harper CM Jr, Thomas JE, Cascino TL, et al: Distinction between neoplastic and radiation-induced brachial plexopathy, with emphasis on the role of EMG. Neurology 39: 502 506, 1989. 25 : C8 1 47: 160 164, 2007. 26 England JD, Sumner AJ: Neuralgic amyotrophy: an increasingly diverse entity. Muscle Nerve 10: 60 68, 1987. 27 Cruz-Martinez A, Barrio M, Arpa J: Neuralgic amyotrophy: variable expression in 40 patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 7: 198 204, 2002. 28 van Alfen N, van Engelen BG: The clinical spectrum of neuralgic amyotrophy in 246 cases. Brain 48: 438 450, 2006. 29 : Keegan 39: 1131 1134, 1991. 30 : 12: 775 781, 1999. 31 Flaggman PPD, Kelly JJ Jr.: Brachial plexus neuropathy. An electrophysiologic evaluation. Arch Neurol 37: 160 164, 1980. 32 Lo YL, Mills KR: Motor root conduction in neuralgic amyotrophy: evidence of proximal conduction block. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66: 586 590, 1999. 33 Watson BV, Nicolle MW, Brown JD: Conduction block in neuralgic amyotrophy. Muscle Nerve 24: 559 563, 2001. 34 : 1 48: 254 258, 2006.