(Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : 119-138 (2014) 1, * 2, ** 1 1 2 A comparison of wetland plant species richness and taxonomic composition among land-use types in a lowland paddy region on the Echigo Plain, Japan Shinya Ishida 1, *, Yoichiro Takanose 2, ** and Tomohiko Kamitani 1 1 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2 Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University 4 257 Abstract: As part of a program for the conservation of wetland plants in Japanese lowland paddy regions, we compared plant species richness and taxonomic composition among four land-use types on the Echigo Plain: cultivated paddy fields, fallow (including abandoned) paddy fields, soil-lined irrigation canals, and concrete-lined irrigation canals. Species compositions were similar across cultivated fields. Total species richness was lower in these fields than in fallow fields and soil-lined irrigation canals. Species of annual and winter-annual herbs (including endangered taxa) occurred regularly in cultivated fields. Species composition varied among fallow fields, which supported the highest species richness across land-use types. Some of the fallow fields provided important habitat for species (particularly perennial herbs) that were rare on cultivated land. Concrete- * 950-2181 8050 Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 2-8050 Ikarashi, Niigata 950-2102, Japan ** Present address: Green sigma Co., Ltd. *e-mail: shinya.ishida@gmail.com 2014 2 20 2014 9 30 119
lined irrigation canals contained very few species, but soil-lined canals supported a diversity of taxa. Most floating-leaved and submerged species occurred only in soil-lined irrigation canals. Thus, we suggest that wetland plants unique to each land-use type should be preferentially conserved, thereby enhancing overall diversity across the whole region. Keywords: cultivated paddy field, fallow paddy field, floodplain wetland, irrigation canal, species diversity 1900 1925 2007 1950 2007 1970 23 2012 7 http://www.e-stat.go.jp/ SG1/estat/List.do?lid=000001087149 2014 8 13 2011 1976 1989 1999 2000 1990 2003 2007 2008 1996, 2003 1998 1998 2003 2011 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Typha latifolia L. 1998 2003 1 2002 2006 Yamada et al. 2007 1949 1962 1962 1989 1998 2001 Yamada et al. 2011 120
2013 4 調査範囲 500 km 2 1 1981 2010 13.9 1821 mm 36 cm 1 3300 10000 1 6 m 1 m 2007 1950 2004 2 1970 121
2 a 1950 b 1997 2004 調査対象とする圃場 水路の選択 20 1 250 m 3 68 2 4 56 0 6 65 0 8 56 7 24 32 34 31 耕作水田 休耕田の環境と管理体制 1 4 2 5 10 cm 3 6 2 4 7 8 1 4 35 8 6 9 9 SU 2000 SU 5 6 7 68 4 68 10 68 48 122
3 4 a b c d 30 1 3 1 38 68 10.3 土水路 コンクリ水路の環境と管理体制 cm 56 51 101.5 ± 43.0± 65 52.6 ± 19.0 P < 0.001 6 cm 47.3 ± 15.0 53.8 ± 23.7 P = 0.092 3 4 121 6 3 3 1 植生調査 1 m 2 10 1 m 1 m 1 m 10 50 cm 123
Yamada et al. 2011 1 10 m 2 1 m 2 10 80 1 m 2 10 10 68 68 56 65 2570 7 9 2003 2008 2009 2010 4 1 2003 2 1957, 1964 1959 1961 1975 1981, 1982a, 1982b 1989 1990 1992 1994 1997 2007 2 3 4 2012 8 http://www.env.go.jp/press/file_view.php?serial=20557&hou_ id=15619 2014 8 13 2010 3 http:// www.city.niigata.lg.jp/kurashi/kankyo/seikatukankyo/ shizenfureai/wildlife/smallanimals/reddate/index.html 2014 8 13 I II 4 1981, 1982a, 1982b 1989 1994 1992 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell subsp. major (Pursh) Pennell Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell subsp. dubia 2 Lindernia dubia (L.) Pennell Eclipta thermalis Bunge Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. 2003 2 統計解析 4 500 U Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance Using Distance Matrices ADONIS 1000 1000 124
1 75 8 83 20 76 11 54 0 106 24 28 3 56 13 51 6 23 1 84 2 0 0 9 0 1 0 0 0 10 0 103 11 148 33 128 17 77 1 200 26 39 6 46 9 42 4 29 0 54 18 14 3 29 8 31 5 14 1 44 1 53 9 75 17 73 9 43 1 98 19 7 2 8 1 6 0 2 0 10 1 2 1 1 0 7 2 4 0 9 0 9 3 9 1 13 2 6 0 19 1 11 0 16 5 14 4 10 0 21 1 4 0 6 0 7 1 4 0 13 1 15 0 22 5 21 5 14 0 34 2 2 192 10 PC-ORD ver. 6.0 McCune and Mefford 2010 PC-ORD ver. 6.0 R ver. 2.12.0 R Development Core Team 2012 土地利用タイプ間での出現種数の違い 200 98 19 1 34 13 9 4 圃場 水路 ( ユニット ) あたりの種数 U 5 P < 0.0083 125
4± 500 土地利用タイプ間の種組成の違い ADONIS vs. P < 0.001 vs. P < 0.001 vs. P < 0.001 P < 0.016 6 指標種と共通種 1 11 9 3 Rotala mexicana Cham. et Schltdl. Deinostema adenocaulum (Maxim.) T.Yamaz. Limnophila sessiliflora (Vahl) Blume 33 17 126
5n = 68 n = 68 n = 56 n = 65 e f U D. violaceum (Maxim.) T.Yamaz.1 5 Aster subulatus Michx. var. subulatus Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C.Gmel. Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. 17 9 Myriophyllum spicatum L. Vallisneria denseserrulata (Makino) Makino 2 5 Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Bidens frondosa L. Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St.John Potamogeton octandrus Poir. var. octandrus1 26 19 Ceratopteris gaudichaudii Brongn. var. vulgaris Masuyama & Watano 1 127
6 1000 2 Solidago altissima L. 11 2 2001 20 Salvinia natans (L.) All. Marsilea quadrifolia L. Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers. 2009 1993 1949 2 4D 1950 1960 PCP CNP 1980 SU 2000 2007 SU 2.5 1.2 1990 SU 2000 2007 SU Lindernia micrantha D.Don Rotala indica (Willd.) Koehne Elatine triandra Schkuhr var. pedicellata Krylov Schoenoplectus juncoides (Roxb.) Palla Monochoria korsakowii Regel et Maack Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.f.) C.Presl ex Kunth 2000 2000 2002 2003 SU SU 128
SU SU Miscanthus sacchariflorus (Maxim.) Benth. 1996, 2003 1998 1998 2003 2011 2000 2010 Takanose et al. 2013 2008 129
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W WE N A P < 0.05 (n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Equisetum arvense N 26 21 32 6 E. palustre W 3 1 6 4 Ceratopteris gaudichaudii var. vulgaris WE 42 12 17 3 Dennstaedtia wilfordii N 0 1 0 0 Stegnogramma pozoi N 0 1 0 0 Pinus densiflora N 0 1 0 0 P. thunbergii N 0 2 0 0 Cryptomeria japonica N 0 1 0 0 Salix subfragilis N 0 1 0 0 Celtis sinensis var. japonica N 0 3 0 0 Zelkova serrata N 0 1 0 0 Pilea hamaoi N 0 1 0 0 Persicaria hydropiper W 56 43 21 9 Pe. lapathifolia W 0 2 1 1 Pe. longiseta N 8 26 17 2 Pe. nipponensis W 2 3 1 0 Pe. posumbu N 2 0 0 0 Pe. pubescens W 0 2 1 0 Pe. sieboldi W 1 8 1 0 Pe. thunbergii W 3 2 13 1 Pe. trigonocarpa WE 0 0 1 0 Pe. vulgaris N 0 0 1 0 Rumex acetosella A 0 0 0 1 R. japonicus N 0 0 0 1 Phytolacca americana A 0 1 0 0 Mollugo pentaphylla N 1 0 0 0 Portulaca oleracea N 15 7 17 7 Arenaria serpyllifolia N 1 0 2 1 Cerastium viscosum A 1 1 15 5 Sagina japonica N 2 2 9 1 Stellaria media N 2 2 2 1 S. neglecta N 2 0 0 0 S. uliginosa var. undulata N 27 28 21 4 Chenopodium album N 0 1 0 0 Achyranthes bidentata var. fauriei N 0 2 0 0 133
(n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Ranunculus cantoniensis N 0 1 4 0 Ra. silerifolius N 1 4 5 5 Cabomba caroliniana A 0 0 1 0 Nuphar japonicum W 0 0 1 0 Ceratophyllum demersum WE 1 0 2 3 Sarothra laxa W 24 16 3 1 Corydalis incisa N 2 0 0 0 Cardamine flexuosa W 58 59 39 25 Lepidium virginicum A 0 0 1 0 Rorippa indica N 13 3 9 0 Ro. islandica W 53 29 27 14 Ro. sylvestris A 0 0 1 0 Sedum bulbiferum N 10 8 32 23 Duchesnea indica var. leucocephala N 2 0 0 0 Rosa multiflora N 0 2 0 0 Rubus hirsutus N 0 0 1 0 Aeschynomene indica W 24 39 21 5 Amphicarpaea bracteata subsp. N 0 4 0 0 edgeworthii var. japonica Kummerovia striata N 0 2 0 0 Glycine max subsp. soja N 0 0 0 1 Trifolium repens A 5 1 5 1 Vicia angustifolia var. segetalis N 0 2 5 5 Oxalis comiculata N 2 1 0 2 Acalypha australis N 37 17 26 9 Chamaesyce maculata A 2 1 4 0 Phyllanthus urinaria N 1 0 0 0 Ampelopsis brevipedunculata N 0 1 0 0 var. heterophylla Viola grypoceras N 8 10 1 0 V. mandshurica N 1 5 1 0 V. verecunda W 1 1 3 2 Elatine traiandra W 33 16 12 5 Trichosanthes cucumeroides N 0 1 0 0 Ammannia coccinea A 0 0 2 0 A. multiflora W 2 1 2 2 Lythrum anceps W 0 2 0 0 Rotala indica var. uliginosa W 28 25 9 2 Rot. pusilla WE 10 7 1 0 134
(n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Trapa japonica W 0 0 1 0 Epilobium pyrricholophum W 0 14 3 0 Ludwigia epilobioides W 65 56 35 20 Oenothera biennis A 0 3 0 0 Myriophyllum spicatum WE 0 0 2 0 Cicuta virosa W 0 0 1 0 Hydrocotyle maritima N 3 0 2 0 H. sibthorpioides N 1 1 5 0 Oenanthe javanica W 6 15 25 6 Lysimachia fortunei W 0 0 1 0 L. japonica N 0 0 2 1 Galium spurium var. echinospermon N 1 2 0 0 G. trachyspermum N 0 0 1 1 Hedyotis diffusa W 14 8 11 3 Neanotis hirsuta var. hirsuta N 0 0 1 0 Paederia scandens N 0 4 0 0 Calystegia japonica N 0 1 0 0 Bothriospermum tenellum N 4 0 9 1 Trigonotis peduncularis N 0 3 2 0 Callitriche palustris W 0 0 0 1 Clinopodium gracile N 0 2 2 0 Elsholtzia ciliata N 0 1 0 0 Glechoma hederacea subsp. grandis N 0 0 1 0 Lamium purpureum A 0 0 1 1 Mosla dianthera N 6 23 14 1 Scutellaria dependens W 0 2 0 0 Deinostema adenocaulum WE 16 16 0 0 D. violaceum WE 12 16 0 0 Dopatrium junceum WE 3 3 0 0 Limnophila sessiliflora WE 16 12 4 1 Lindernia antipoda W 10 7 1 0 Li. dubia A 68 49 39 20 Li. micrantha W 35 30 3 2 Li. procumbens WE 2 7 2 1 Mazus pumilus N 32 13 22 10 Veronica arvensis A 0 2 0 0 Ve. persica A 1 0 4 3 Plantago asiatica N 2 0 1 0 Lonicera morrowii N 0 1 0 0 Lobelia chinensis W 9 6 2 1 Artemisia princeps N 2 10 3 1 135
(n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Aster ageratoides subsp. ovbatus N 0 0 1 0 As. subulatus var. subulatus A 0 5 0 0 As. yomena N 2 0 0 0 Bidens frondosa A 13 21 25 11 B. tripartita W 17 5 7 1 Centipeda minima N 58 43 29 9 Erechtites hieracifolia A 2 3 0 0 Erigeron annuus A 0 3 0 0 Er. canadensis A 1 11 1 0 Er. philadelphicus A 1 0 0 0 Er. sumatrensis A 13 8 14 6 Gnaphalium affine N 15 4 2 2 Ixeris debilis N 0 0 1 0 I. dentata N 5 9 1 0 I. stolonifera N 0 0 2 1 Lactuca indica N 0 20 1 0 Lapsana apogonoides N 3 0 1 0 Senecio vulgaris A 6 7 4 2 Solidago altissima A 6 43 8 2 Sonchus asper A 2 16 0 1 So. oleraceus N 13 12 2 0 Xanthium canadense A 0 0 1 1 Youngia japonica N 1 1 0 0 Alisma canaliculatum W 0 2 1 0 Sagittaria pygmaea WE 0 0 1 0 Sa. trifolia W 20 7 8 4 Elodea nuttalli A 1 0 16 10 Hydrilla verticillata WE 0 0 0 1 Ottelia japonica WE 0 0 1 0 Vallisneria denseserrulata WE 0 0 2 0 Potamogeton x kamogawaensis WE 0 0 0 1 Po. octandrus W 0 0 3 8 Po. oxyphyllus W 0 0 2 0 1 Potamogeton sp. W 0 0 3 3 Hosta montana N 0 1 0 0 Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea W 39 20 10 13 Juncus effusus var. decipiens W 0 11 2 0 J. leschenaultii W 0 14 0 0 J. papillous W 0 0 1 0 J. tenuis N 0 2 0 0 Commelina communis N 8 8 20 4 Murdannia keisak W 29 37 38 7 Eriocaulon cinereum W 0 3 0 0 Erio. robustius W 0 3 0 0 Agrostis clavata N 0 5 2 0 Alopecurus aequalis W 18 32 33 4 Andropogon virginicus A 0 1 0 0 136
(n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Anthoxanthum odorathum A 0 1 0 0 Arthraxon hispidus W 3 12 5 2 Beckmannia syzigachne W 3 8 4 0 Bromus catharticus A 0 0 1 0 Calamagrostis epigeios N 0 1 0 0 Cynodon dactylon N 0 0 1 1 Digitaria ciliaris N 41 33 29 12 Echinochloa crus-galli var. caudata W 49 51 37 14 Ec. oryzoides N 9 5 3 0 Eleusine indica N 10 5 16 10 Elymus tsukushiensis var. transiens N 0 2 0 0 Eragrostis curvula A 0 1 0 0 Era. multicaulis N 1 0 7 1 Era. poaeoides A 0 1 0 0 Vulpia myuros A 0 8 2 0 Festuca parvigluma N 0 2 0 0 F. pratensis A 0 0 1 0 Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii N 0 2 0 0 Isachne globosa W 0 1 0 0 Leersia japonica W 0 2 1 0 Le. oryzoides W 9 7 24 6 Leptochloa chinensis W 2 0 4 4 Microstegium vimineum N 1 13 1 0 Miscanthus sacchariflorus W 0 4 0 0 M. sinensis N 0 3 0 0 Oplismenus undulatifolius N 0 1 0 0 Panicum bisulcatum N 6 22 4 1 Pa. dichotomiflorum A 15 23 17 3 Phalaris arundinacea W 0 1 0 0 Ph. australis W 0 10 2 0 Poa annua N 5 6 19 5 Poa sphondylodes N 0 1 1 0 Polypogon fugax W 0 0 1 0 Pseudoraphis ukisiba WE 0 0 1 0 Sacciolepis indica var. oryzetorum W 32 23 10 1 Setaria faberi N 1 11 1 1 Se. glauca N 1 10 3 0 Se. pallide-fusca N 2 8 0 0 Trisetum bifidum N 0 1 0 0 Zizania latifolia W 1 2 4 0 Zoysia japonica N 1 0 0 0 Lemna aoukikusa W 27 6 14 16 Spirodela polyrhiza W 11 1 6 6 Typha angustifolia W 0 1 0 0 T. latifolia W 0 6 1 0 Carex neurocarpa WE 0 0 1 0 Ca. thunbergii W 0 1 0 0 Cyperus amuricus N 0 1 0 0 Cy. iria W 36 36 25 4 Cy. difformis W 35 32 21 4 Cy. extremiorientalis N 9 0 9 1 Cy. flaccidus WE 6 5 2 0 Cy. flavidus W 0 1 0 0 137
(n = 68) (n = 68) (n = 56) (n = 65) Cy. glomeratus W 0 0 2 0 Cy. microiria N 5 9 2 1 Cy. nipponicus N 0 1 0 1 Cy. orthostachyus W 6 10 0 0 Cy. pacificus W 0 0 7 0 Cy. polystachyos N 1 0 0 0 Cy. sanguinolentus W 0 9 0 0 Cy. serotinus W 1 10 2 0 Eleocharis acicularis var. longiseta W 5 11 0 0 El. japonica W 1 5 0 1 El. kuroguwai W 4 1 0 0 Fimbristylis aestivalis N 0 0 1 0 Fi. autumnalis W 1 6 3 0 Fi. dichotoma W 0 1 1 0 Fi. miliacea W 64 45 34 12 Fi. squarrosa var. esquarrosa N 0 7 0 0 Kyllinga brevifolia var. leiolepis W 12 43 11 1 Lipocarpha microcephala WE 0 2 0 0 Schoenoplectus juncoides W 10 20 1 0 Sc. triqueter W 0 2 0 0 Scirpus wichurae W 0 3 0 0 138