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1 (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 , * Environmental heterogeneity and plant diversity in a coastal forest affected by a severe tsunami Natsumi Onza 1, Itoe Ishida 1, Mizuki Tomita 2, Keitarou Hara 2, Yoshihiko Hirabuki 3 and Jun Nishihiro 1, * 1 Toho University, 2 Tokyo University of Information Sciences, 3 Tohoku Gakuin University ha m 10 m β α β Abstract: The spatial patterns of plant diversity and environmental heterogeneity were analysed in a coastal forest, 2 years after the severe tsunami caused by the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake in Japan, to gain basic knowledge for managing coastal forest after a severe disturbance. The ~60.5-ha study site was divided into four patch types: 1) tall forest with mostly remaining trees (TR); 2) tall forest with mostly fallen trees (TF); 3) low forest with mostly fallen trees (LF); and 4) back marsh remaining post-tsunami (BM). First, the species composition differed conspicuously among patches. There were significantly more woody and coastal herbaceous species in TR and LF patches than in other patches. The species composition differed conspicuously between TR and TF patches, although environmental conditions were similar before the tsunami, i.e., 65.2% of the 92 observed species were restricted to either patch. A survey revealed that four endangered or vulnerable species (Swertia diluta var. tosaensis, Penthorum chinense, Patrinia scabiosaefolia, and Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus) were restricted to TF patches. The number of species in 1 10 m quadrats was positively related to the difference between the highest and lowest elevations in each quadrat; this gave an index of tall trees. Our results suggest that the tsunami increased both the β-diversity (among-patch diversity) and α-diversity (within-patch diversity) of the coastal forest. Keywords: β-diversity, disturbance, endangered plants, fallen trees, The Great East Japan Earthquake * Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba , Japan jun.nishihiro@env.sci.toho-u.ac.jp

2 Dale et al Lindenmayer et al Grime 2002, Connell Nelson et al White and Pickett 1985 Hobbs and Huenneke 1992 Alston and Richardson 2006 del Rio 2006 Pinus thunbergii Parlatore α β : tisan/pdf/kaiganbousairinsaisyuuhoukoku.pdf 調査地と調査区の設定 38º14 N 140º m 550 m m 2 25 m 3 18 m 3 Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. 178

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5 Ltd 注目種の分布 Swertia diluta var. tosaensis (Makino) Hara II II Penthorum chinense Pursh Patrinia scabiosaefolia Fisch. Dianthus superbus var. longicalycinus (Maxim.) Williams GPS 1 m GPS 統計解析 Simpson : D, Peet 1974 S p i i = 10 Tukey s HDS Tukey s HDS AIC R ver 種組成の植生パッチ間の相違 1a 4 1a b

6 1a 4 b a % b ± P P 27.0 ± 7.77 a 21.0 ± 5.10 a 13.6 ± 4.22 b 9.8 ± 4.02 b < ± 8.23 a ± 4.45 a 10.0 ± 3.41 b 7.6 ± 3.01 b < ± 0.02 a 0.90 ± 0.04 a 0.84 ± 0.08 ab 0.73 ± 0.12 b ± 4.92 a 6.8 ± 3.43 b 1.4 ± 1.02 c 0.4 ± 0.8 c < ± 1.17 b 2.2 ± 1.72 ab 5.4 ± 1.36 a 1.2 ± 0.40 b < ± ± ± ± ± P P ± 7.49 c ± b ± 7.14 a ± 9.88 ab <0.001 CV 0.20 ± ± ± ± (m) 0.57 ± 0.25 b 0.55 ± 0.16 b 1.39 ± 0.32 a 0.28 ± 0.27 b <0.001 (m) 0.20 ± 0.09 b 0.48 ± 0.24 a 0.22 ± 0.04 b 0.08 ± 0.03 b < 環境条件の植生パッチ間の相違 3 3 4a 3 AIC 4a 4b AIC 4b 種多様性に影響する環境要因注目種の分布 182

7 4 ab P AIC a P <0.001 CV b P CV m 922 m 5 Juncus gracillimus (Buchen.) V.Krecz. et Gontsch J. wallichianus Laharpe 2e 3 a b 攪乱強度に伴うパッチ間異質性 Elliott et al Nelson et al Morimoto et al β Swindel et al Peltzer et al Yamada et al Hayasaka et al Carex pumila Thunb. C. fibrillose Franch. et Savat. 183

8 β Haeussler et al Hino and Hiura 2009 Newmaster and Bell biological legacy, Foster et al 微環境と植物の多様性 Alston and Richardson 2006 del Rio 2006 Hobbs and Huenneke 1992 Corbin and D Antonio 2004 Roberts 2004 Robinia pseudoacacia L. Amorapha fruticosa L. 保全への示唆 2004 β α Tews et al Donald et al m 2f 24 zenbun.html

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11 1 TR, TF, LF, BM Y-list BG Plants - bgplants/ylist_main.html, TR TF LF BM Equisetum arvense L. Pinus densiflora Siebold et Zucc. Pinus thunbergii Parl. Quercus serrata Murray Morus australis Poir. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) Nakai ex Ohki Rumex acetosella L. subsp. pyrenaicus (Pourret et Lapeyr.) Akeroyd Phytolacca americana L. Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. Chenopodium album L. Akebia quinata (Houtt.) Decne. Akebia trifoliata (Thunb.) Koidz. Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Rorippa indica (L.) Hiern Cardamine scutata Thunb. Padus grayana (Maxim.) C.K.Schneid. Cerasus leveilleana (Koehne) H.Ohba Malus toringo (Siebold) Siebold ex de Vriese Rosa luciae Rochebr. et Franch. ex Crép Rosa multiflora Thunb. Rubus palmatus Thunb. var. coptophyllus (A.Gray) Kuntze ex Koidz. Cerasus jamasakura (Siebold ex Koidz.) H.Ohba Potentilla sprengeliana Lehm. Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi Desmodium podocarpum DC. subsp. oxyphyllum (DC.) H.Ohashi Lespedeza cuneata (Dum.Cours.) G.Don Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum. Lathyrus japonicus Willd. Robinia pseudoacacia L. Coriaria japonica A.Gray Toxicodendron orientale Greene Toxicodendron trichocarpum (Miq.) Kuntze Ilex crenata Thunb. var. radicans (Nakai ex H.Hara) Murai Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold f. striatus (Thunb.) Makino Euonymus oxyphyllus Miq. Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Berchemia racemosa Siebold et Zucc. Parthenocissus tricuspidata (Siebold et Zucc.) Planch. Ampelopsis glandulosa (Wall.) Momiy. var. heterophylla (Thunb.) Momiy. Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Epilobium pyrricholophum Franch. et Sav. Ludwigia epilobioides Maxim. Oenothera laciniata Hill Oenothera biennis L. Haloragis micrantha (Thunb.) R.Br. Aralia cordata Thunb. Cicuta virosa L. Torilis japonica (Houtt.) DC. Vaccinium oldhamii Miq. Elliottia paniculata (Siebold et Zucc.) Hook. Rhododendron molle (Blume) G.Don subsp. japonicum (A.Gray) K.Kron Ardisia japonica (Thunb.) Blume Ligustrum ovalifolium Hassk. Tripterospermum trinervium (Thunb.) H.Ohashi et H.Nakai Paederia scandens (Lour.) Merr. Galium trifidum L. subsp. columbianum (Rydb.) Hultén 187

12 1 TR TF LF BM Calystegia soldanella (L.) R.Br. Callicarpa japonica Thunb. Clinopodium micranthum (Regel) H.Hara Mosla dianthera (Buch.-Ham. ex Roxb.) Maxim. Scutellaria dependens Maxim. Isodon inflexus (Thunb.) Kudô Linaria japonica Miq. Lonicera gracilipes Miq var. glabra Miq. Viburnum dilatatum Thunb. Lonicera japonica Thunb. Solidago virgaurea L. subsp. asiatica (Nakai ex H.Hara) Kitam. ex H.Hara Ixeris stolonifera A.Gray Ainsliaea apiculata Sch.Bip. Picris hieracioides L. subsp. japonica (Thunb.) Krylov Aster scaber Thunb. Aster ageratoides Turcz. var. ageratoides Ixeridium dentatum (Thunb.) Tzvelev Sonchus oleraceus L. Aster microcephalus (Miq.) Franch. et Sav. var. ovatus (Franch. et Sav.) Soejima et Mot.Ito Aster semiamplexicaulis (Makino) Makino ex Koidz. Artemisia indica Willd. var. maximowiczii (Nakai) H.Hara Ixeris repens (L.) A.Gray Bidens frondosa L. Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E.Walker Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Solidago altissima L. Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist Symphyotrichum subulatum (Michx.) G.L. Nesom var. subulatum sp. Taraxacum sp. Smilax china L. Liriope minor (Maxim.) Makino Dioscorea japonica Thunb. Luzula capitata (Miq.) Miq. ex Kom. Juncus alatus Franch. et Sav. Juncus fauriei H.Lév. et Vaniot Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. Festuca ovina L. subsp. ovina Miscanthus sinensis Andersson Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. var. koenigii (Retz.) Pilg. Oplismenus undulatifolius (Ard.) Roem. et Schult. Sporobolus fertilis (Steud.) Clayton Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Zoysia macrostachya Franch. et Sav. Ischaemum anthephoroides (Steud.) Miq. Leymus mollis (Trin. ex Spreng.) Pilg. Festuca arundinacea Schreb. Andropogon virginicus L. Carex leucochlora Bunge Carex pumila Thunb. Carex kobomugi Ohwi Carex scabrifolia Steud. Carex fibrillosa Franch. et Sav. 188

The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged

The Ecological Society of Japan (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : (2014) 特集 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged (Japanese Journal of Conservation Ecology) 19 : 189-199 (2014) 特集 2011 1 2 1 2 Revegetation of coastal plants damaged by the 2011 Tohoku tsunami Kohei Oka 1 and Yoshihiko Hirabuki 2 1 Faculty of Environmental