but ( Intro Experimental Results&Discussion or
kinetics
Prof. Juan Manuel Garcia Ruiz Gypsum (36 feet ~ 11 m) CaSO 4 2H 2 O Cueva de los Cristales (Cave of Crystals) http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/04/photogalleries/giant-crystals-cave/
he Cullinan Diamond is the largest rough gem-quality diamond ever found, at 3,106.75 carats (621.35 g). It was found by Frederick Wells, surface manager of the Premier Diamond Mining Company in Cullinan, Gauteng, South Africa, on January 25, 1905. he stone was named after Sir homas Cullinan, the owner of the diamond mine. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/cullinanroughpieces.jpg
http://www.sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp/phys/crys/ice/lect6.html
http://www.spring8.or.jp/ja/current_result/press_release/2006/060404_fig/fig2_html
http://www.eps.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/jp/guidance/solid/funamori.html
Polystyrene particles d = 200 nm (Duke Scientific Corporation)
Grain X 2500 1250 10000 4020 5 µm µm
Si wafer, d = 300 mm, (100) oriented
Watson, Crick double helix DNA
1914 (Max von Laue) X 1915 (Sir William Henry Bragg) (William Lawrence Bragg) X 1926 (Jean Baptiste Perrin) 1937 (Clinton Joseph Davisson) (George Paget homson)
1956 (William Bradford Shockley) (John Bardeen) (Walter Houser Brattain) 1973 (Ivar Giaever) 2000 Z. I. (Zhores I. Alferov) H. (Herbert Kroemer) (Jack S. Kilby) (IC)
1946 James Batcheller Sumner John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley 1962 Max Ferdinand Perutz John Cowdery Kendrew
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin X 1985 Herbert Aaron Hauptman Jerome Karle
1988 Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel
Extraction Purification Crystal Growth *124 *89 *63 *19 PDB holdings: 59564 X-ray: 51975 NMR: 7259 (30-Mar-2010) Bottle Neck!!! Structure Analysis *15 *A summary of progress in the Human Proteome Structural Genomics Pilot Project (http://proteome.bnl.gov/)
1962 Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University, Sir Lawrence Bragg, Max Perutz, John Kendrew (James Dewey Watson) (Francis Harry Compton Crick) (Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins) (Rosalind Elsie Franklin)
2 Silicon IC, LSI
Silicon http://www.jsap.or.jp/ap/2004/ob7305/t730 5-2.jpg
Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH CAl 2 O 3
http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/ http://www.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/ptdice/
MOCVD GaN http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%e7%99%ba%e5%85%89%e3%83%80%e3%82%a4%e3%82%aa%e3%83%bc%e3%83%89
µ = k ln (C / C e ), µ = l / e
Solid Liquid Gas
S = k N, V SB V ln( = N! N k ) ln Nk W B B ln( V N )
G = U + PV S = A + PV = H S G Liquid Solid e
µ dn dv N, V, S, E P e δq = ds
de = ds PdV + µ dn dg = Sd + VdP + µ dn...(1) G(, P, ln ) = lg(, P, N ) G = N µ (, P)...(2) (1), (2) dg = Nd µ + µ dn Nd µ = Sd + VdP
P N L N L -δn N S Crystal N s +δn Melting Freezing riple point G(, P, N = G G N S δ S = G (, P, N Liquid = ) µδ Gas S S N ) + G Critical Lpoint = ( µ µ ) δ µ = µ L µ S L (, P, N G µ S, = µ L, δn S = δn L = δn N L N L )
P µ = S µ L II Melting Liquid Critical point Freezing I Crystal riple point µ = = µ µ S L G Gas
3 http://www.sci.osaka-cu.ac.jp/phys/crys/ice/lect6.html
P = const. M Crystal δq Liquid Q
s s s N Q M S L M = = ) ( δ G e Liquid Solid M S L S L S L M S S M S L M L L h P P h h h s s s h s h = = = = = = ), ( ), ( ) ( µ µ µ µ
µ M = h P P P P P P P P M M S M L M S M L M S M L S L L = + = = ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( ), ( µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ µ