Vol. 68 2016 pp. 115-130 Quarterly Journal of Geography 19 20 1910 I. 1. 2 km E. Jackson St. San Jose Nihonmachi San Jose s Japantown 20 3 1982 1940 1961 020-0105 2-29 - 13 115
68-2 2016 2011 2013 San Jose Nihonmachi Hirabayashi 1977 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004 Fukuda and Pearce 2014 2010 2001 1994 2010 ; 2011 1996 2. 116
: 1905 III 2011 1912 1941 1950 1972 1920 1 1916 1928 1996 31 7 9 Tokio Ishikawa 1910-1935 2 95 1930 Ben Pease 1940 Japanese American Daily News directory, 1940 3 2010 II. 1. 1890 Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 25 ; SJCI, 1985, p. 19 20 3,000 Hirabayashi, 1977, p. 8 2011, pp. 130-133 1860 1870 117
68-2 2016 Market St. San Fernando St. Yu, 2012, pp. 21-24 1887 SJIC, 1985, pp. 20-21 ; Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, pp. 11-13 ; 2013, p. 73 Heinlen, J. E. Taylor St. N. Sixth St. N. Seventh St. Heinlenville 4 2011, p. 133 1890 Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 29 1905 5 28 1 6 1 590 1 1905, 1912 1905 1912 6 5 2 2 17 2 9 10 33 1 3 2 3 3 9 4 10 1 3 1 4 12 32 2 6 2 4 15 28 88 : 1905 1912 118
: 1 1905 : 1905 18 2 Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 31 20 Fukuda 1906 2 Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 30 2. 1910 1920 1912 88 1 33 32 119
68-2 2016 15 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p. 14 6 2 L 12 1905 1930 1924 1930 71 1912 2 1912 1912 120
: 57 2 1920 7 12 1912 L 1930 8 1941 3 62 1912 1930 9 3 L N. Fifth St. 1910 2 1930 2 3 5 7 2 9 1 1 8 2 10 1 3 4 19 10 29 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 4 1 1 7 7 22 22 7 2 9 9 2 11 57 12 2 71 : Ishikawa, Tokio : San Jose Japantown 1910-1935, Notes to the Guide Map 121
68-2 2016 3 1941 3. 3 6 7 1 17 3 5 2 3 2 5 1 3 24 7 1 13 62 : 1941 2 4 1961, p. 442 1947 WRA 100 3 Hirabayashi, 1977, pp. 41-42 1950 74 44 4 4 1940 60 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p. 22 1950 L 1-1972 62 4 122
: 3 1941 1941 1950 1980 90 1980 The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose 1983 Neighborhood Business District Program - 1961 1987 1990 10 ; Sakamoto, 2004, p. 4 ; 2013, pp. 79-80 123
68-2 2016 4 1950, 1972 1950 1972 2 8 4 4 1 1 1 6 13 14 26 3 1 5 5 5 3 1 3 5 8 1 2 1 20 23 4 5 1 5 8 44 62 1 : 1950 ; 1972 1993 90 11 Y. Uchida 80% RASJ, 1996, p. 1 RASJ, 1996, p. 13 1 2000 307 2001 10 2013 4. 2010 2 96 1972 5 2007, p. 15 46 3 1 124
: 4 1950 : 1950 5 2010 12 2 5 4 23 2 2 4 1 1 6 5 1 5 11 1 1 23 2 7 11 43 1 1 5 7 3 2 2 7 3 1 5 9 3 3 2 4 6 1 1 9 3 1 20 33 3 2 5 11 2 1 1 15 46 7 9 34 96 : 2010 2 24 125
68-2 2016 5 2010 : 2010 2 24 5 15 3 2013 III. 19 20 1910 1930 2011 126
: 1960 1980 3 1 L 100 2011 12 Benjamin Peckham John Crummy Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, pp. 18-19 2011, p. 138 1980 2000 JCCsj 127
68-2 2016 1 2 3 2011, pp. 138-139 Tamon Norimoto PJ Hirabayashi Jimi Yamaichi Stephen Fugita 2016 4 23 1 U.S. House, Congress, Committee on Immigration and Naturalization : Japanese Immigration Hearings before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization, House of Representatives, 66th Congress, Washington Government Printing Office, 1921 Arno Press, 1978, pp. 1109-1122 2 San Jose Japantown 1910-1935 : Map compiled by Dr. Tokio Ishikawa, 1996, and Notes to the Guide Map 3 www.japantownatlas.com Pease 4 Carey & Co. Inc., 2004, p. 14 5 E. Empire St. N. Third St. 1 5 6 Fukuda and Pearce, 2014, p. 31 7 8 Yu 2012, pp. 108-110 Carey & Co. Inc. 2004, p. 16 1931 1930 128
: 9 New World Sun Year Book 1939 1940 93 Carey & Co. Inc., p. 18 10 Revitalization Strategy San Jose Japantown, City of San Jose, Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose, Jackson - Taylor Neighborhood Advisory Committee, and Jakson - Taylor Business and Professional Association 11 2011 1990 p. 144 1990 12 Stephen Fugita Tamon Norimoto 2010 : 11, 113-134. 2011 : 12, 191-207. 1982 : : 137-199. 1961 : 1940 : 1994 : 46, 26-67. 1996 : 48, 1-27. 2007 : 59, 1-23. 2011 : 63, 125-146. 2013 : 65, 69-89. 2001 : 7 101-114. Carey & Co. Inc. 2004 : San Jose Japantown Historic Context and Reconnaissance Survey. San Jose, Calif. Fukuda, C. and R.M. Pearce 2014 : San Jose Japantown : A Journey. Japanese American Museum of San Jose, San Jose, Calif. Hirabayashi, P.J.N. 1977 : San Jose Nihonmachi. MA Thesis Urban Planning, San Jose State University. RASJ 1996 : Final Relocation Study and Plan : Miraido Housing/Retail Project. The Redevelopment Agency of the City of San Jose RASJ, San Jose, Calif. Sakamoto, K.M. 2004 : Japantown San Jose Preservation and Development. Senate Bill 307 San Jose Japantown Report. Japantown Preservation and Development, San Jose, Calif. SJCI 1985 : With Liberty and Justice for All : The Story of San Jose s Japanese Community. The City of San Jose Commission on the Internment of Local Japanese Americans SJCI, San Jose, Calif. Yu, C.Y. 2012 : Chinatown San Jose, U.S.A. 4th Edition, History San José, San Jose, Calif. 129
68-2 2016 Historical Development of San Jose s Japantown : Focusing on its Changing Spatial Arrangements Tadashi SUGIURA* The objectives of this paper are 1 to examine the historical changes in the spatial arrangements of San Jose s Japantown San Jose Nihonmachi, a Japanese urban ethnic business enclave in California, and 2 to consider its geographical and historical nature and the reason for its persistence up to the present. San Jose s Japantown first took place in the Chinatown area of San Jose as a small cultural and economic hub for the outlying Japanese farm laborers in the late nineteenth century Santa Clara Valley. By the early 1910s, it had grown to a sizable integrated enclave of Japanese coethnic businesses and community organizations, and it had continued to exist as a bustling ethnic town until the outbreak of the Pacific War, even though it may have slightly declined in the 1930s. Within a few years after the wartime internment, large number of Japanese Americans resettled in the San Jose area, and by the mid - 1960s San Jose s Japantown regained as many business establishments as there were in prewar days. Nowadays, it is thriving as an ethnic town with retail establishments, particularly Japanese restaurants, service industry offices, as well as community - based facilities. The number of these facilities does not seem to largely exceed that of the prewar Japantown. In general, this Japantown seems to stagnate at the stage of small - scale local hub for Japanese Americans in the area without drastic changes in its built environment. It is well known that, while many Japantowns in California failed to exist as ethnic towns after World War II, San Francisco s Japantown and Los Angeles Little Tokyo have regenerated as substantial Japanese ethnic business enclaves through the large - scale redevelopment processes from the late 1960s to the 1970s. Why only San Jose s Japantown has remained without such large - scale urban renewal? The following factors may explain the reason for this ; 1 the external factors such as the comparatively tranquil relationships with the host society, the lack of powerful urban planning which may destroy the ethnic communities, and the policy of the Redevelopment Agency of San Jose which tend to lay emphasis on the collaboration with local communities, and 2 the internal factors such as the collaborative efforts of the Japantown community as shown by the formation of the Japantown Community Congress of San Jose, a comprehensive umbrella organization of the Japantown area. Key words : ethnic town, Japantown, San Jose, spatial arrangements Iwate University, lecturer 130