8 P2P (Peer-to-Peer) P2P P2P As Internet access line bandwidth has increased, peer-to-peer applications have been increasing and have great impact on networks. In this paper, we review traffic issues for peer-to-peer traffic growth, traffic measurement, traffic control, network design, and operation. And, we suggest sevaral issues for good harmonization between P2P technologies and the internet infrastructure. 1 IP P2P P2P CPU P2P P2P IP P2P Status and Traffic Issues of Peer-to-Peer Technology. Satoshi Kamei, NTT, NTT Service Integration Laboratories, NTT Corporation., Vol.22, No.3 (2005), pp.8 18. [ ] 2005 4 21. P2P Napster Gnutella P2P IP P2P P2P P2P P2P 2 P2P
Vol. 22 No. 3 July 2005 9 P2P 3 P2P 4 5 6 P2P 7 P2P 8 2 P2P 2. 1 P2P 1 P2P Groove ArielAirOne Skype VoIP P2P P2P 2. 1. 1 P2P mp3 DSL html ftp CPU 2. 1. 2 Napster 1999 P2P Napster [16] Napster Napster Napster P2P 2. 1. 3 Gnutella 2000 Gnutella [10] Gnutella Napster Gnutella P2P Napster Gnutella 2. 1. 4 Winny 2002 Winny [9] Winny Freenet [13] Freenet
10 Winny Winny P2P 1 Winny P2P Winny 2004 Winny Share Rodi 2. 2 P2P P2P P2P P2P Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) Peer-to-Peer Research Group (P2PRG) [14] P2PRG P2P P2P P2P USENET NNTP BGP4 P2P 1 P2P 2. 3 P2P P2P IP P2P IP P2P (
Vol. 22 No. 3 July 2005 11 ) P2P P2P 1. P2P ( ) IP DNS 2. ( ) 3. 4. 5. 4. Gnutella Winny 3 P2P 3. 1 P2P P2P 3. 1. 1 P2P CPU 3. 1. 2 FastTrack [5] GnutellaNet P2P [7] 3. 1. 3 P2P Freenet Winny 3. 1. 4 (PC ) P2P 3. 2 P2P Napster Gnutella Winny 4 [27] P2P
12 P2P 4. 1 P2P DSL, CATV, FTTH [30] DSL 2001 3 IX (Internet exchange point) [31] DSL 2001 2005 4 20 P2P P2P [23] ISP (HTTP) 16% P2P 3 P2P 2 [4] P2P ISP ISP 10Gbps ISP 4. 2 P2P TCP WAN TCP 100Mbps [15] P2P TCP TCP FTTH
Vol. 22 No. 3 July 2005 13 ISP 4. 3 [27] P2P IP End-to-End 4. 4 P2P [29] P2P HTTP P2P HTTP 1% 55% P2P 88% 4. 5 P2P 4. 6 [24] [28] (1)P2P (2)P2P (3)P2P / 3 (1) (2) (3) /
14 P2P / 5 P2P 5. 1 5. 1. 1 P2P [20] [12] P2P P2P IP TCP P2P 5. 1. 2 [2] [21] P2P 7 [1] [6] Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Passive Fingerprinting [8] 5. 1. 3 P2P [18] Napster P2P [22] [11] P2P 5. 1. 4 [19] [17] Gnutella TTL Winny P2P P2P
Vol. 22 No. 3 July 2005 15 5. 2 [26] 5. 2. 1 P2P 2.3 P2P P2P 5. 2. 2 tcpdump 1 1. P2P 1 1 P2P 2. P2P 3 3. P2P IP P2P 5. 2. 3 P2P P2P P2P IP [25] P2P 1. 5. 2. 2 2. P2P 3 IP 3. 1. P2P
16 1 (P2P ) Application Unique IP Unique file file volume Winny 48212 154411 19.1TB Share 2283 136875 56.0TB 6 1 0.9 0.8 Share Winny WWW 0.7 6. 1 2004 12 24 IP 1 P2P # 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1 100 10000 1e+006 1e+008 1e+010 1e+012 file size (Byte) 2 P2P [26] Winny 2005 4 3 6. 3 Gnutella Winny P2P 6. 2 6. 2. 1 2 Winny Share IRCache Project [3] Gnutella 6346 (gnutella-svc) 60% Winny 7743 22% Winny 5. 1 P2P P2P Winny 120 M Share 920M 11.85K P2P 6. 4 P2P P2P (Winny, Gnutella) 5. 2. 3 24
Vol. 22 No. 3 July 2005 17 2 Winny 12,013 6,698 16,670 Gnutella 951 212 1,129 100 Winny 1 5 Gnutella 1 6 2 P2P Winny 40% Gnutella 20% 60% 95% Gnutella (19 ) 2800 P2P 7 7. 1 ISP P2P P2P 4 P2P [28] ISP P2P P2P 7. 2 P2P 4. 6 P2P P2P P2P P2P P2P P2P End-to-End CDN
18 8 P2P P2P P2P [ 1 ] : ELLACOYA NETWORKS, http://www. ellacoya.com. [ 2 ] : Hack the KaZaA participation level, http: //www.davesplanet.net/kazaa/. [ 3 ] : IRCache Project, http://www.ircache.net. [ 4 ] : JaPan Internet exchange, http://www.jpix. co.jp/jp/. [5] : KaZaA,http://www.kazaa.com. [ 6 ] : sandvine, http://www.sandvine.com. [ 7 ] : SLYCK File Sharing News and Info, http: //www.slyck.com. [ 8 ] : Snort.org Signature Search, http://www. snort.org/cgi-bin/sigs-search.cgi?sid=p2p. [9] : Winny, http://www.geocities.co.jp/ SiliconValley/2949/. [10] : Gnutella, http://www.gnutella.wego.com, 2000. [11] Caspian Networks Inc.: P2P Control, http:// www.caspiannetworks.com/page.asp?intnodeid= 12&intPageID=193. [12] Fraleighh, C. et al.: Packet-Level Traffic Measurements from the Sprint IP Backbone, IEEE Network, Vol. 17, No. 6 (2003), pp. 6 16. [13] Clarke, I., Sandberg, O. and Wiley, B.: Freenet: A Distributed Anonymous Information Storage and Retrieval System, in Designing Privacy Enhancing Technologies: International Workshop on Design Issues in Anonymity and Unobservability, LNCS2000, 2000. [14] IRTF Research Groups : Peer-to-Peer Research Group, http://www.irtf.org/charters/p2prg.html. [15] Nakamura, M., Inaba, M. and Hiraki, K.: Fast Ethernet is sometimes faster than Gigabit Ethernet on LFN, in PDCS2003, 2003. [16] Napster Inc.: http://www.napster.com. [17] NETARC: P2PFinder, http://www.netarc.jp/ p2pfinder.html. [18] Plonka, D.: UW-Madison Napster Traffic Measurement, http://net.doit.wisc.edu/data/ Napster/. [19] Saroiu, S., Gummadi, P. K. and Gribble, S. D.: A Measurement Study of Peer-to-Peer File Sharing Systems, in Multimedia Computing and Networking (MMCN), 2002. [20] Sen, S. and Wang, J.: Analyzing peer-to-peer traffic across large networks, in ACM SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Workshop 2002, 2002. [21] Sen, S., Spatscheck, O. and Wang, D.: Scalable In-Network Identification of P2P Traffic using Application Signatures, in13th international conference on World Wide Web, 2004. [22] Karagiannis, T., Broido, A., Faloutsos, M. and Claffy, K.: Transport Layer Identification of P2P Traffic, in IMC 04, 2004. [23], :IP,, NS2003-5 (2003-04), (2003), pp. 17 20. [24],, : P2P,, CQ2003-40, (2003). [25],, : P2P,, Vol. 2003, p. 200. [26],,, : P2P, ( ). [27], : P2P,, CQ2001-100, (2002). [28],,,, : P2P, JANOG Meeting13, 2004. [29],, : web P2P,, Vol. J87-D1, No. 5 (2004), pp. 561 571. [30] :, http://www. johotsusintokei.soumu.go.jp/field/index.html. [31] :, 2004.