A CALL An Experimental Study for Improving CALL Materials Bunkyo Gakuin University, Bunkyo Gakuin College Yukio TAKEUFUTA, Junko KUSAGAYA Our research team consisted of four language groups. Each team is presenting a paper on their work for this report. Thus, here, we will report a brief history of the research project, with a special focus on the English group. This paper will cover the topics of introductory notes, background of our research project, purpose of the study, survey of the related literature, the Three step Auditory Comprehension Approach, test of the theory, development of the teaching material, experimental use of the developed materials, analysis of the test data, summary, and bibliography. After three years of hard work and through many phases of research, we are proud to report that we have succeeded in improving and developing a set of CALL teaching materials that could be used in improving the teaching of foreign languages in universities in Japan. In particular, with regard to teaching English, we have found that our CD-ROM-based CALL teaching materials could help our students score over 6 in TOEFL-PBT, or 9 in TOEIC. CALL CD-ROM 1 4,1993 1 24 3 NEC SONY NHK 2 NEC CALL TOEFL 1 / 23
A CALL,1998 CALL CALL,1991,1992 CALL CALL NEC CALL Arthur Hailey Hotel 1995 3 CALL CALL 6.(1) 1 CALL CALL CALL CALL CALL NHK CALL 1 11 College Lectures, People Talk, TV-News, Movie Time 1, Movie Time 2 5 CD-ROM,1996,1996 NHK 1996,1997,1999 CALL CD-ROM 3 1997 1997 NBC 4 CALL It s a Wonderful Life 2 / 23
A (1) CALL (2) CALL TOEIC 6575TOEFL-PBT 553 CALL CD-ROM TOEFL-PBT 55 6 (3) 47 1 (4) 1984 1996 1998 AVCC Good Site 1998 4 1 1 A 1991Coady, 1997Zimmerman, 1997, 2Celce-Murcia,21Peterson,21 CALL 12 14 3 Paribakht & Wesche, 3 1997Ellis,1997Long,22 12 3 / 23
A Morley,21Lynch,22 Ellis Second Language AcquisitionSLA 1SLA The pedagogy learning Three-step Auditory Comprehension Approach Ellis,1997Long,22 2 learning 199 Ellis,1997 3 learning 5 3R 4 3R 5 LL Sheerin 1987 Listening comprehension lessons are all too often a series of listening tests in which tapes are played, comprehension exercises are attempted by the learners, and feedback is given in the form of the right answer. In lessons such as this, listening is not being taught but tested. Ellis1997,2 SLA CD-ROM what how 3R authentic SLA 2 4 / 23 3R 3R 7
A authentic top-down processing of information, bottom-up processing of information interactive processing of information 3R () 1 2 1997 2 () 3R 1 1 1/3 1/6 1/12 1/24 1/3 3R 3/6 11/12 23/24 1/3 2/6 2 5 / 23
A 1 2 3 4 3R 5 authentic result is nothing but a challenge to your methodology. 5 3R reading speaking (1) 6 NEC CALL 4 21 1 6 1 CALL A negative 6 / 23
A 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 TOEFL-PBT 1 3 45 7 5 4 2 1 2 3 2 TOEIC TOEFL-PBT 2 1 24 4 TOEIC 4 2 1 3R CD-ROM 5 College Lectures, People Talk, TV-News, Movie Time 12 6 6 3R CALL 5 CD-ROM 3 7 7 TOEIC 4 3 4 64 CALL Morley(21) CALL 3R 2 College Lectures People Talk 7 3R 5 TOEFL-PBT 24 2 TOEFL-ITP 7 / 23
A 1 CALL (TOEIC) (TOEIC) 5 4 6 6 277 326 518 631 379 435 62 731 12 99 12 1 t = 5.11* t = 5.57* t = 4.26* t = 11.68* * p<.5 2 CALL (TOEFL) (TOEFL) 21 21 22 477 514 555 511 538 57 34 24 15 t = 7.2* t = 4.11* t = 3.3* * p<.5 3 CALL (TOEFL) (TOEFL) 9 462 486 24 t = 3.91* * p<.5 4 CD-ROM 3 (TOEIC) (TOEIC) 7 844 916 72 = 7.65* * p<.5 5 (TOEFL) (TOEFL) 1 :1, 2 :1 2 :1, 3 : 8 2 :1, 3 :12 3 :12, 4 :1 461 456 476 58 456 482 58 497 5 26 32 11 t =.4 t = 1.52 t = 1.61 t =.83 p<.5 8 / 23
A 1 TOEFL-PBT Section 1 1 2 2 Section 2, Section 3 3 3 4 3R 1 2 CALL 2 4 5 TOEFL-PBT TOEFL 5 4 2 3 2 7 2 1 3 3R 463 487 57 527 547 567 63 3R TOEFL-PBT 443 63 443 47 49 51 53 55 57 3 2 64 4 (15%) (59%) (26%) 3 59 26 15 4 7 419 16 TOEFL 5 3R Section Score 4.7 TOEFL-PBT 8.1 4 4.5 4.1 2 3 3.5 2 1 2 64 TOEFL-PBT Section 5 CALL 9 / 23 Section 1: Listening Section 2: Structure Section 3: Reading 5 7
A (2) Equal-appearing Intervals 3 9.6 CALL MM News, 22, p.7 1-1 8 CALL 9 4.85. CALL 3.3 College Lectures, People Talk, TV-News, Movie Time 1, 3.3 Movie Time 2 5 13 MM News, 22, p.12 1-2 CALL CD 1 11 CALL 2.6 83. MM News, 22, p.12 1-3 MM News22 77 ESP 1999 2... CALL 2 1999 MM News, 22, p.13 48 2 69 1999 College Lectures People Talk 2 TV-News Movie Time 1 & 2 5 Equal-appearing Intervals 1 / 23 Time 1 & 2 5 6 3 CD-ROM 81 21 CALL 3 3.3 113 TV-News Movie 18
A 11 / 23
A 1 1999 1) 84 14 1 2 78 17 5 2) 1999 83 14 4 CD-ROM 2 83 15 2 3) 1999 79 15 6 2 74 18 8 2 1) 79 15 6 2) CD-ROM 74 18 8 3) 59 22 2 CALL 21 MM News, 22, p.14, p.12 2-1 7 CALL 21, p.1 2-2 CD-ROM 6 3R CALL CALL 21, p.1 (1) 2-1 2-2 6 3 CALL 8 3 71 12 / 23
A 12 2 2 2 13 2 3 14 1 3 CD-ROM 23 (2) (5) CD-ROM Sheerin(1987) CALL CD-ROM DVD 24 CD-ROM Web 1 A4 392 DVD CD-ROM 1 Disk Web 4 Internet (3) CD-ROM CD-ROM DVD Web (4) CD-ROM CALL CALL (6) 1 CD-ROM 46 13 / 23
A CD-ROM Introduction to College Life, College Life, College Life 3 CALL 3 1 2 1 2 13 First Listening) College Life 1 College Life College Life First Listening, Introduction to College Life, College Life First Listening, Introduction to College Life, College Life First (7) CD-ROM First Listening First Listening, Introduction to College Life authentic College Life First Listening First Listening 9 1 15 CALL Introduction to College Life, College Life Introduction to College Life, College Life Introduction to College Life, College Life Introduction to College Life, College Life CALL CALL CALL TOEICIP CD CALL CALL TOEIC 23 display 23 9 (1) 8 CALL 12 2 13 1 14 1 4 CALL CD-ROM 2 3R 14 / 23 CALL 5 Listening, Introduction to College Life, College Life
A CALL -Introduction to College Life, -College Life 23 2 18 Communicative Approach TOEIC TOEIC-Bridge TOEIC 45 TOEIC TOEIC Bridge TOEIC 45 CALL TOEIC 11 TOEIC-IP 1 45 TOEFL TOEIC 6 11 12 6 11 45 14 TOEICIP 7 2 11 TOEIC-IP 1 57 36.777.5 2 3 4 6 11 3 6 3 87 4 26 6 CALL TOEIC-IP 8 TOEIC-IP 2 TOEIC 45 45 TOEIC-IP TOEIC TOEIC 1995 7 27 TOEIC Q and A Q7 TOEIC 4 15 / 23 61 3R 55.9
A 6 TOEIC-IP 47917 5914 3 47117 47516 4 26 7 TOEIC-IP 1 11 12 11 6 668.3 631.6 36.7 14 56.4 583.9 77.5 8 TOEIC-IP 4 45 TOEIC 29565 45 21.8 14 13.5 13 16.3 12 25. (13 ) 3.8 16 26.2 13 3.9 11 3.9 (11 ) 25.6 39.7 47.2 55.9 t 1.13 2.1* 2.27* 2.53* * p<.5 6 15 13 TOEIC-IP 8 87 75 CALL 4 9 8 8 31 4 58 299 3399 4499 5599 6 TOEIC Morley(21) Virtually no specialized textbook materials exist in the area of intermediate and 6 advanced listening. 3R CALL 4 16 / 23
A 9 Introduction to College Life College Life % 1) 77 2) 92 3) 4) NINT 1 1 5) Words, Phrases 1 6) 1 7) 1 8) 92 8 9) 69 15 1) Step 1,2,3 1 11) CD-ROM 92 12) CD-ROM 13) CD-ROM 14) 15) 16) 85 1 1 8 15 8 77 92 2 9 9 69 CALL 98% (2) CALL 5-point scale Equal-appearing Intervals 1 14 9 College Life 95 3R 1)15)16) CALL 12 CD-ROM 1) 77 85 1 CALL 17 / 23
A 3R CALL 2 23 3 (3) 4 8 1 3 4 1 1 1995 8 CALL CALL 22 CALL TOEIC-IP TOEIC 1, 1 TOEIC 3 9 1 2 1 2 5 983 7a 7b 18 / 23
A TOEFL-PBT TOEFL-PBT 7a [1] M Reading T (%) 8 TM X 77 6 X TOEFL-PBT 4 46 47 X 1 X TOEFL X 7b [2] 1 TOEFL-PBT (%) 8 8 6 4 2 55 1 X 24 X 24 7, 8, 1,8 8 TOEFL TOEIC 95 8 4 4 6 4 2 2 65 8 7 43 (46) 45 22 38 39 84 (42) 52 4 23 28 63 (41) 24 9 1 CAI CMI 19 / 23
A TOEFL 23 23 3R CALL 55 24 1 CALL CALL CALL CALL 3R 3R CALL 7 3 24 TOEFL-PBT 3357 CD-ROM 3 1 7 11 TOEIC 844 916 CAI 1992 CAI 2 / 23
A 1991 1982 CALL (2) 3 1984 CALL LL 19 1996 pp. 2-5 CALL Listen to Me! 41 1 1992pp. 11-116 MM News, No.5, 1997 Kyoto University Faculty of Integrated Human Studies Multi Media Committee, 22, pp. 1-17 CALL (1) 12 2pp. 16-18 LL CALL 1891996pp. 6-9 CALL CALL (3) 2 A LL 191 1996 pp. 2-5 12 21pp. 1519 CALL (6) CALL LL 1941997pp. 2-5 CALL (A) CALL 12 9 21pp. 1-22 12 21pp. 159-172 IT CALL 4 1 A 22pp. 61-7 12 21 pp. 8-22 CALL (5) Sandra Leishman LL 1931997pp. 2-5 3step 22 2 22pp. 7 2pp. 1-59 CALL Annual Review of English Language Education in Japan Vol.1322pp. 199-28. 21 / 23 CALL A 1-14 CALL
A 23. 29 13 22pp. 241-269 22pp. 1-15 CD-ROM 1 14 23!? 4/6/1993 2 23pp. 1-13 CALL Coady, James, L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: A 7 Synthesis of the Research, Second Language (A) Vocabulary Acquisition, James Coady & Thomas 23pp. Huckin (Eds), Cambridge University Press, 33-34 Cambridge, 1997, pp. 273-29. Ellis, R., SLA and Language Pedagogy, Studies in 1991 1 1994 pp. 253-267 73/1, 1989, pp. 32-4 Language Education Technology No.39 22pp.15-115 CAI 22pp. 1-12 Lynch, Tony, Listening: Questions of Level, The 1995 Oxford Handbook of Applied Linguistics, (Robert B. Kaplan ed.), 22, pp. 39-48. CALL (4) CALL Morley, Joan, Aural Comprehension Instruction: LL 1921996pp. Principles and Practices, Teaching English as a 2-5 foreign Language, Third Edition, (Marianne Celce-Murcia, ed.), Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning, 21, pp. 69-85. CALL Nunan, D., Listening in Language Learning, in 5 Richards, J. C. & Renandya, W. A. (eds.), (A) Methodology in Language Teaching, 22, pp. 22 238-241. pp.39-4 Paribakht, S. & Wesche, M., Vocabulary enhancement activities and reading for meaning in second CALL language vocabulary acquisition. In Coady, J. & College Life CD-ROM Huckin, T. (Eds.). Second Language Vocabulary 7 Acquisition (pp. 174-2). Cambridge: Cambridge (A) University Press, 1997. 22 / 23 CALL College Life Second Language Acquisition, 19/1, 1997, pp. 69-92. Long, D. R., Second Language Listening 2 Comprehension: A Schema-Theoretic Perspective, The Modern Language Journal, Long, M. H., SLA research: Scope, goals, and future, CALL
A Peterson, Pat Wilcox, Skills and Strategies for Proficient Listening, Teaching English as a foreign Language, Third Edition, (Marianne Celce-Murcia, ed.), Heinle and Heinle, Thomson Learning, 21, pp. 87-1. Sheerin, S., Listening Comprehension; Teaching or Testing? ELT Journal, 41/2, 1987, pp. 126-131. Soresi, S. LIFE, Asahi Evening News, September 11, 1999. Takefuta, Junko, Development of Courseware for Teaching Vocabulary to Japanese Students of English, Unpublished Master Thesis Submitted to Chiba University, 1997. Zimmerman, Cheryl, Historical trends in second language vocabulary instruction, Second Language Acquisition, James Coady & Thomas Huckin (Eds), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997, pp. 5-19. (1) CALL 23 / 23