1 1.1 1.1.1 1 1 1
1 a a a a C a a = = CD CD a a a a a a = a = = D 1.1 CD D= C = DC C D 1.1 (1) 1 3 4 5 8 7 () 6 (3)
1.1. 3 1.1. a = C = C C C a a + a + + C = a C 1. a a + (1) () (3) b a a a b CD D = D C C + D = C
4 1 1 a + = + a ( a + ) + c = a + ( + c) 1 1 a D c C + a a + a + + c a + + c a a a c a + + c 1. + C + CD = ( + C) + CD = C + CD = D 1.3 + D + C = CD a = a = a + ( a) = + = 0
1.1. 5 0 0 = 0 a + ( a) = 0 a + 0 = a 1.4 + C + C = 0 C a + c = a c a a a b b O + = O O O = O a + ( a ) = a O + = O = O O 1.5 1. a (1) () (3) b a a a
6 1 1 a 1 a = a + ( ) a a a = 0 D O a + ( ) k a a k k a a 0 1 k > 0 a k a 1 a = a a k < 0 a k a ( 1) a = a 3 k = 0 0 C a = 0 k k 0 = 0 ( ) a = ( a) a 1.3 a c a = 4, 1 c = a a c 1.6 1.3 ( ) (1) = ( ) a () a = ( ) c (3) = ( ) c
1.7 a (1) a () (3) a + (4) a 1.1. 7 a b E k l 1 k(l a) = (kl) a (k + l) a = k a + l a 3 k( a + ) = k a + k 1 3( a) = 6 a = (3 ) a a a a 6 a (3 + ) a = 5 a = 3 a + a 3 a a 5 a 3 ( a + ) = a + a + b a a ( a + ) a
8 1 1.4 (1) 3 a + 4 a a = (3 + 4 ) a = 5 a () ( a + 5 ) + 3( a ) = a + 10 + 6 a 3 = ( + 6) a + (10 3) = 8 a + 7 1.8 (1) a + 3 a a () 3 a + 7 5 a (3) 3( a + ) + 4( a ) (4) ( a 3 ) 3(3 a ) (5) 1 3 ( a + ) + 3 ( a ) (6) 1 ( a + ) 1 3 ( a + ) F 0 a a// a a b b a 0 0 a// = k a k 1.5 a = a 1 1 1 a a 1 a a 1 1.9 e e 4 e a = 3 a a
1.1. 9 G a a 1.1 CDEF a = a, F = b b F a O C E (1) E () D DF = + (1) E = + E () = a + DF = DC + CF = + ( a) = a 1.10 1.1 a (1) C () EF (3) D P 0 a p a b s t t p b p = s a + t s a O a 1 O P
10 1 1.1.3 y O x y a e 1 e a = (a O 1, a ) a e (a 1, a ) a a 1 e a = a 1 e 1 + a e 1 O x e 1 a1 e1 a a = (a 1, a ) 1 a 1 a a x y a 1 a e 1 e 0 e 1 = (1, 0) e = (0, 1) 0 = (0, 0) a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) a = a1 = b 1, a = b a = O a = (a1, a ) a = a 1 + a
1.1. 11 1.6 a y a = (3, ) a = 3 + = 13 1 O a d 1 c x 1.11 c d a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) e 1 e a = a1 e 1 + a e = b 1 e 1 + b e y a + = (a1 + b 1 ) e 1 + (a + b ) e a = (a1 b 1 ) e 1 + (a b ) e b a + k k a = (ka 1 ) e 1 + (ka ) e a O b 1 a a 1 x (a 1, a ) + (b 1, b ) = (a 1 + b 1, a + b ) (a 1, a ) (b 1, b ) = (a 1 b 1, a b ) k(a 1, a ) = (ka 1, ka ) k
1 1 1.7 a = (1, 5) = (3, 4) a + 3 = (1, 5) + 3(3, 4) = (, 10) + (9, 1) = ( + 9, 10 1) = (11, ) 1.1 a = (3, 1) = ( 4, ) (1) a () (3) 1 4 (4) 3 a + (5) 4 a 3 (6) ( a ) 1.1 a = (1, ) = (1, 1) c = (5, 4) s t s a + t s a + t = s(1, ) + t(1, 1) = (s + t, s t) c = s a + t y (5, 4) = (s + t, s t) s + t = 5 s t = 4 s = 3 t = c = 3 a + a O c x 1.13 a = (, 1) = ( 1, 3) c = (8, 3) s t s a + t
1.1. 13 1. a = (, x) = (1, 3) x a a = k k (, x) = (k, 3k) = k x = 3k x = 3 ( ) = 6 1.14 a = (4, x) = (, 1) x C (a 1, a ) (b 1, b ) O = (a 1, a ) y O = (b 1, b ) a = O O = (b 1, b ) (a 1, a ) = (b 1 a 1, b a ) b O a 1 b 1 (a 1, a ) (b 1, b ) = (b 1 a 1, b a ) = (b 1 a 1 ) + (b a ) x 1.8 (, 3) (5, 1) = (5, 1 3) = (3, ) = 3 + ( ) = 13
14 1 1.15 (1) (5, ) (1, 6) () ( 3, 4) (, 0) 1.3 4 (1, ) (4, 1) C(5, 3) D(x, y) CD x y D = C y D (x 1, y ) = (5 4, 3 1) C = (1, ) x 1 = 1 y = 1 x = y = 4 O 1 x 1.16 4 (1, 1) (4, ) C(5, 4) D(x, y) CD x y
1.1. 15 1.1.4 O = O + O O O cos θ θ O O cos θ O O O 0 a a = O = O b O θ a θ b a 0 θ 180 O a cos θ a a a = a cos θ θ a a = 0 = 0 a = 0 1.9 a = = 3 a θ = 60 a = a cos θ = 3 cos 60 = 3 1 = 3 cos θ θ 0 30 45 60 90 10 135 150 180 3 1 1 cos θ 1 0 1 1 3 1 1.17 a θ a (1) a = 4 = 3 θ = 45 () a = 6 = 6 θ = 150
16 1 1.10 C C 180 60 = 10 C = 1 cos 10 = 1 3 1 C 30 60 10 1.18 1.10 C (1) C () C C O O = a O = O = θ a = O + O O O cos θ θ O a a = a + ( a b) a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) (a 1 b 1 ) + (a b ) = (a 1 + a ) + (b 1 + b ) ( a b) a = a1 b 1 + a b a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) a b = a 1 b 1 + a b a = 0 = 0
1.1. 17 1.11 a = (1, 4) = (, 3) a = 1 ( ) + 4 3 = 10 1.19 a a (1) a = (, 5) = (3, ) () a = (1, 3) = ( 3, 3) C a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) 0 θ 0 θ 180 cos θ = a a = a 1 b 1 + a b a1 + a b 1 + b 1.4 a = (1, ) = ( 1, 3) a b = 1 ( 1) + 3 = 5 a = 1 + = 5 = ( 1) + 3 = 10 θ cos θ = a b a = 5 5 10 = 1 0 θ 180 θ = 45 ( ) 45
18 1 1.0 (1) a = (, 1) = ( 3, 1) () a = (1, 3) = ( 3, 1) (3) a = (3, 1) = (, 6) (4) a = ( 4, ) = (, 1) 0 a 90 a a a a = a cos 90 = 0 a 0 a a = 0 a a 0 0 a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) a a = 0 a a1 b 1 + a b = 0
1.1. 19 1.1 a = (, 1) = (x, 4) x a = 0 x + 1 4 = 0 a b=x+1 4 x = 1.1 x (1) a = (3, 6) = (x, 4) () a = (4, ) = (x, 1) 1.13 a = (a1, a ) = ( a, a 1 ) a = a1 ( a ) + a a 1 = 0 a c = (a, a 1 ) a 1. a 1 (1) a = (1, 3) () a = (, 5)
0 1 D 1 a a = a a = a 3 ( a + ) c = a c + c 4 a ( + c) = a + a c 5 (k a) b = a (k ) = k( a b) k 1 a a 0 a a = a a cos 0 = a a 1 = a cos 0 =1 3 a = (a1, a ) = (b 1, b ) c = (c 1, c ) a + = (a1 + b 1, a + b ) ( a + ) c = (a 1 + b 1 )c 1 + (a + b )c = a 1 c 1 + b 1 c 1 + a c + b c = (a 1 c 1 + a c ) + (b 1 c 1 + b c ) = a c + c 4 5 5 ( a b) a b
1.1. 1 1.3 3 a ( c) = a a c 1.14 ( a + ) ( a ) ( a + ) ( a ) = a ( a ) + ( a ) = a a a b + a b a a= a, a b= a = a ( a + ) ( a ) = a 1.4 a + = ( a + ) ( a + ) a + = a + a b +
1 1. a a a = 1, = 4, a b = a = ( a ) ( a ) a a = ( a ) ( a ) = 4 a a a b a + b = 4 a 4 a b + = 4 1 4 + 4 = 1 a 0 a = 1 = 3 1.5 a = 3 = a b = 3 (1) a + () a (3) a
1.1. 3 1.1.5 1 x a (1) 3 x 4 a = x () ( x 3 a) = 5( x + ) a = (, 1) (1) a e () a 3 p
4 1 3 a = 1 = 3 a = 7 (1) a b () a θ 1 (1) x = a () x = a 10 3 ( (1) 1 e = 5, ) e = ( 1, 5 5 () p = ( 3 5, 6 ) 5 p = ( 3, 5 ) 5 ) 6 5 (1) e = (x, y) a e = 0 e = 1 3 (1) 3 () 150
1. 1..1 1.. 5 O P p P OP = p O p O P p P P( p) O 1 O = O O b a a ( a) ( b) = a O 1.6 3 ( a) ( ) C( c) a c (1) C () C (3)
6 1 ( a) ( ) 3 : C c C : = 3 : (3 + ) C = 3 5 c a = 3 5 ( a) ( c = 1 3 ) 3 a + a + 3 b = 5 5 5 3 : 1 D d D D : = 3 : (3 1) 3 D = 3 1 d a = 3 d ( a) b ( d = 1 3 ) 3 a + a + 3 b = m n ( a) ( ) m : n n a + m m + n a 3 a n a + m m n a + n n c C O O
1.. 7 1.15 ( a) ( ) 4 3 : 4 a + 3 3 + 4 = 4 3 a + 7 7 : 1 a + 1 = a + 1.7 ( a) ( ) (1) : 3 () 3 : 1 (3) 4 : 1 (4) 1 : C 3 ( a) ( ) C( c) C G g C D( ( a) d) d = + c 1 C G D : 1 g = a + d + 1 1 d = + c g = a + + c 3 3 ( a) ( ) C( c) C G 1 G( g) ( ) D( d) C( c) g a + + c g = 3 3 1 : 1
8 1 1.5 3 ( a) ( ) C( c) C C C L M N LMN G N ( a) M (1) G g a c ( ) L C( c) () L + M + CN = 0 (1) L M N l m n g = l + m + n 3 l = + c m = c + a n = a + l + m + + c n = + c + a + a + = a + + c () g = l + m + n 3 = a + + c 3 L + M + CN = ( l a) + ( m ) + ( n c) = ( l + m + n) ( a + + c) = 0 LMN G C G OG = OG
1.. 9 1.8 3 ( a) ( ) C( c) C C C : 1 P Q R C G PQR G (1) G g a c () G + G + GC = 0
30 1 1.. d ( a) d d g g P( p) P = t d t 1 P = p a a p = a + t d 1 O p P g 1 t P( p) g 1 g t d g O (x 1, y 1 ) d = (l, m) 1 P(x, y) p = (x, y) a = (x1, y 1 ) 1 (x, y) = (x 1, y 1 ) + t(l, m) = (x 1 + lt, y 1 + mt) { x = x 1 + lt y = y 1 + mt t (x 1, y 1 ) d = (l, m) m(x x 1 ) l(y y 1 ) = 0 1.9 d (1) (1, 3) d = (, 4) () (, 1) d = ( 4, 3)
1.. 31 ( a) ( ) b 1 a P d = = a p a g p = (1 t) a + t 3 O t = 0 P t = 1 P 0 < t < 1 P t : (1 t) 3 1 t = s p = s a + t s + t = 1 s 0 t 0 1.6 ( a) ( ) P( p) p = s a + t s + t =, s 0, t 0 s + t = s + t = 1 s = s t = t s + t = 1 s 0 t 0 p = s ( a) + t () p = s ( a) + t ( ) s + t = 1 s 0 t 0 a O a C P D OC = O OD = O C D P( p) CD
3 1 1.30 ( a) ( ) P( p) p = s a + t, s + t = 1, s 0, t 0 C n ( a) n g P( p) n n P n P = 0 g n ( p a a) = 0 4 p P P p a = 0 4 O 4 ( a) n g n g O (x 1, y 1 ) n = (a, b) 4 P(x, y) p = (x, y), a = (x1, y 1 ), p a = (x x1, y y 1 ) 4 1 (x 1, y 1 ) n = (a, b) a(x x 1 ) + b(y y 1 ) = 0 n = (a, b) ax + by + c = 0
1.. 33 1.31 n (1) (3, 4) n = (1, ) () ( 1, ) n = (3, 4) 1..3 3 C C 3 C C = k k 1.3 CD CD 1 : E D 3 : F 3 F E = D = d F = k E k C = + d = D = d F : FD = 3 : F = + 3 D = + 3 d 3 + 5 CE : ED = 1 : D E 1 E = C + D = ( + d) + d = + 3 d 1 + 3 3 F = 3 E 5 3 F E d F 3 C
34 1 1.3 CD C 3 : E D 3 : 5 F 3 F E D C 5 d E F 3 3 1.4 O O C O : 1 D D C P O = a O = b OP a P : PD = s : (1 s) P : PC = t : (1 t) OP a b OP 1 s t P : PD = s : (1 s) OP = (1 s) O + s OD = (1 s) a + 3 s P : PC = t : (1 t) OP = t OC + (1 t) O = 1 t a + (1 t) a 1 t OP a 1 1 s = 1 t, 3 s = 1 t C s O P 1 s D t 1 s = 3 4 t = 1 OP OP = 1 4 1 a +
1.. 35 1.33 O O 3 : C O 1 : D D C P O = a O = OP a 3 O 1 D C a P
36 1 = = 3 O O O O O = 0 1.5 OC O = C O OC O = C O = C O OC = 0 O = a OC = c OC O = a, OC = c O = a + c, C = a c O = C O = C ( a + c) ( a + c) = ( a c) ( a c) C c O a a + a c + c = a a c + c a c = 0 O OC O OC
1.. 37 1.34 OC O = OC O C C c O a 1..4 4 C C C H H C H C
38 1 5 OC O OC : 1 D E O 1 : F 3 D F E C 1 E c 1 F a O D 1 6 O O : 1 C O D D C P s t OP = s O+t O s t (1) OP = s O + t OD () OP = s OC + t O O 1 C P D
1.3. 39 4 H = a H = a HC = c H C = 0 HC = 0 H C = 0 H c 5 O = a OC = c DE DF a c DE = DF C 6 s = 1 t = 1 4 (1) () 3 ( ) P D s + t = 1 1.3 1.3.1 1 CD E = D = d d (1) EC D C d E () E (3) E
40 1 a = (3, 1) = (1, ) c = a + t t (1) c = 5 t () c c 3 a = = 1 a + a 5 (1) a b () a θ
1.3. 41 4 C P Q P Q 3 P = + C Q + Q + CQ = 0 C 5 C O G OH = O + O + OC C (1) 3 O G H H GO C () H C CH
4 1 6 C 1 : D C 3 : 1 E C : 3 F E CD P (1) = C = c P c 1 D 3 P F 3 E 1 c C () 3 P F
1.3. 43 1.3. 7 a = 1 = (1) a b () a 8 (a 1, a ) (b 1, b ) O O O = a O = O S S = 1 a ( a b) = 1 a 1b a b 1
44 1 9 O O : 1 C C M OM D (1) OD = k OM k O a M C 1 () D : D D 10 C C M + C = (M + M ) M C
1.3. 45 11 (1, ) 3x + 4y = 0 H (1) n = (3, 4) H = k n k () H 7 1 cos θ 1 8 S = 1 O O sin O 9 D OD = s O + t O s + t = 1 10 = C = c = 11 (1) H (s, t) 3s + 4t = 0
46 1 1 (1) 1 1 b + 1 d () 1 b + 1 d (3) 1 b d (1) t = 3, 1 () c = 5t + 10t + 10 = 5(t + 1) + 5 3 (1) 1 () 60 4 [ + C P = P C 1 : 3 Q + ( Q ) + ( Q C) = 0 4 Q = + C = 3 ] P 5 (1) OH = 3 OG () H C = ( OH O) ( O OC) = ( O + OC) ( O OC) = O OC O = OC H C = 0 6 (1) P = 1 [ 1 b + c (1) P = k E CP : PD = t : (1 t) 6 () P = 5 ] F 6 7 (1) () 3 1 [ 8 O = θ S = 1 a sin θ = 1 a ] 1 cos θ 9 (1) k = 6 5 () : 3 [ (1) O = a O = b OD = 1 k a + 1 3 k ] 10 [ = b C = c M = M = M = M = M = 11 (1) k = 9 5 () ( ) 5, 14 5 ( ) ( ) b + c b + c ( ) ( ) c c ] b