1 ( ) (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y

1 ( ) 1 1.1 (1) (2) Pattern 1 (P1)// Pattern 2 (P2) (V1 = V2) (alternation) (SPRAY-PAINT alternation/ hypallage) (1) (2) P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y V2 1.1.1 : (1) P2 (3) : (3) [ X [ X [ X ] ] ] [ Y ] [ V2 ] (4)-(7) X, X, X [X, Y, V1 = ] (6a, b) (3) [V2 = ] [V2 = ] (6b) 1) (5) (4) X, Y, V2 = () a. P1: ** [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: [ X ] [ Y ] (5) X, Y, V2 = () 1) (6a) {,,... } V1 a. P1: * [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: [ X ] [ Y ] (6) X, Y, V1 = ( ) a.? [ X ] [ Y ] b. * [ X ] [ Y ] (7) X, Y, V2 = () a. P1: [ X ] [ Y ] b. P2: * [ X ] [ Y ] 1.1.2 1: (6a, b) [V2: V2 = ]? ( (5) V2 = ) 2: (8) a. (6a) Y X (GET X WITH Y, BUY X FOR Y ) b. (6b) X Y (SPEND Y ON X, PAY Y FOR X )? 3: ( )? V1 V2? 4:

2 2? 1.1.3 ( 4) : (9) P1/P2 () C V1 = V2 V1 = V2 a. E1: P1 P2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1 P2: (Z ) X Y V2, b. E2: P1 P2 P2: (Z ) X Y V2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1 E1, E2 C1, C2 (10) : P1, P2 M ( ) 2) R1: P2 P1 *E1 R2: P1 E1 R3: P1, P2 E0 R4: P2 E2 R5: P1 P2 *E2 3.2.4 (11) 4 Necker Cube (Necker Cube Model for Syntactic Alternations) (12) (e.g., [14]) C1 2) (Optimality Theory) [1] C2 (13) Necker Cube C1 P2: X Y V2 (semantic attraction) ( (constructional polysemy) ) (14) C2... 2 2.1 2.2 3 A [14, pp. 105 106] 2.2.2 2.2 [14] 2.1 E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 2.1.1 E1: P1 P2 E0: P1 P2 (15) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i., ii. * (16) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: {i., ii. } b. P2: { i., ii.?? (17) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i., ii., iii. * b. P2: { i., ii. } { i., ii. *, iii. (18) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii.?*, iii. * { i., ii., iii., iv. * b. P2: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. *, iii. *, iv.

2 3 (19) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. * } b. P2: { i., ii.? } (20)?E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii.?* b. P2: { i.?, ii. 2.1.2 : *E1, *E2 (21) *E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i. *, ii. * (22) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. *, ii. * b. P2: { i., ii. (23) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i. *, ii. *, iii. } b. P2: { i., ii. } { i., ii., iii. } 2.2 2.2.1 E2: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 (24)?E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.?, ii. } { i., ii.?* } b. P2: { i., ii.?? } { i., ii. * } (25)?E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i., ii. } { i., ii. } b. P2: { i.?*, ii. * } { i. *, ii. * } (26) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: () 3) b. P2: * () (27) E2: P1 P2 [NB. (20) P2 ] a. P1: { i., ii.?, iii. * } b. P2: { i., ii., iii.? } (28) *E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. *, ii. * } b. P2: { i., ii. } (29) E2: P1 P2? a. P1: { i.?, ii.??, iii. * 4) } b. P2: { i., ii.???, iii. (30) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.??, ii.?, iii. { i.?, ii., iii., iv. b. P2: { i., ii., iii. } { i., ii., iii., iv. 2.2.2 E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 1 2 sense [3, 4, 5] (31) E1: P1 P2 a. P1: { i. 1, ii.?*, iii., iv. * } b. P2: { i. 1, ii., iii. *, iv. ** } (32) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.??? 2, ii.??, iii. *, iv. } b. P2: { i. 2, ii., iii. *, iv.?* } 1 2 3 4 4) 3)

3 4 5) (33b) [] (33) E0: P1 P2 a. P1: () 1 b. P2: (*) 1 (34) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 2 b. P2:? 2 (35) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 2 b. P2:? 2 (36) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: * 3 b. P2: 3 (37) a. P1: * 4 b. P2: 4 2.2.3 (38) E2: P1 P2 a. P1: { i.?, ii., iii., iv.?? } b. P2: { i., ii., iii., iv. (39) E1: P1 P2? } a. P1: { i., ii. b. P2: { i.?, ii.?? (40) E2: P1 P2? a. P1: { i., ii. * b. P2: { i., ii. (38) (40) Y (38a), (39a), (40a) [Y ] [Y ] 5) 3 = 4 3 3.1 3.1.1 1 [14, p. 126 ( )] : 1: 6) spray load clear, wipe 3.1.2 2 [14, p. 111 ( )] : 2: pour fill () XXX ((41) [= (29)] ) (41) 6) [14, p. 110 111 ()] : fill (28a) [= John filled the glass with water] (28b) [= *John filled water into the glass] ( (28b) fill (28b), pour fill X with Y fill Y into X ). [ ]

3 5 pour XXX fill XXX XXX XXX pour fill Z Y X 7) X Y Z Y [8] 3.2 3.1.1, 3.1.2 () 3.2.1 1 pour fill? (underspecification) () 3.2.2 2 8) 7) X Y Z (X:, Y ;, Z: ) [Y :, X:, Z: ] 8) (Pinker ) (Chomsky ) 3.2.3 3 9) (38) E2: P1 P2 Y (e.g.,,, ) 3.2.6 (24) (27) (22) P1: *X Y P2: X Y (23) P1: *X Y P2: X Y 10) 3.2.4 4 E1: P1 P2, E2: P1 P2 E0: P1 P2 [14, p. 116] : [14, p. 116]? 11) 9) 10) X Y X X : (42) a. 100 10 { i., ii., 110 b. 100 10 { i., ii., 110 E1, E2 E1 E2 11)

3 6?? (cf. (18)) : (43) E1: P1 P2 a. { i., ii., iii. b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } (44) E2: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii.?*, iii. } b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } (45) E2: P1 P2 (46)?? a. { i.?*, ii.?*, iii.? b. { i., ii. *, iii. * } a. { i.???, ii.??, iii.? b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * (47) E1: P1 P2 a. { i., ii.?*, iii. } b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * (48) E1: P1 P2? a. { i., ii.?*, iii. (disturbing factors) (systematicity fallacy) [10, p. 90] b. { i.?*, ii. *, iii. * P1: X P2: X X = X = (45) Y X (48) X Y (e.g.,,, ) 3.2.5 : (49) R1: P1 R2: P1, P2 P2 E1: P1 P2 R3: P1, P2 E0: P1 P2 R4: P1, P2 P1 E2: P1 P2 R5: P2 R = R1 R5 R1, R5 (interpretational potentials) = ( ) 12) 12) ( ) (constructions) X, Y (collocation)

4 / Necker Cube 7 3.2.6 5 E1: P1 P2, E2: P1 P2 13) E1: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E2: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 (51) X P2 P1 (50) a. P1: { i. *, ii. } b. P2: { i., ii. * } (51) a. b.?? Y X (27) [ X ] [ Y ] (24) [ X ] [ Y ] P2 X 14) 2.2.3 2.2.3 P1 P2 3.2.7 6 (54a) walk walk (e.g., (54b)) ( ) (54) a. He walked a dog to the park. 3.3 b. A dog was walking in the park. Necker Cube / (Necker Cube Model/Hypothesis for Syntactic Alternations) ( ) 4 / Necker Cube Necker cube 4.1 : (55) / Necker Cube : Necker Cube 15) () ( ) (attractors) [11, 12, 9] [13] 13) E1: P1 P2 E1: P1 P2 14) (27) [ X ] [ Y ] (24) [ X ] [ Y ] Y (52) a. a. (53) a.?* b.?? c. : (figure/ground reversal) () 15) Rubin s Vase, Duck Rabit The bottle is half full/empty

4 / Necker Cube 8 4.1.1 : (55) : (56) () i. ii. () iii. P1, P2 / M(P1), M(P2) ( 16) ) iv. M(P1), M(P2) (Langacker [7] (semantic accommodation) ) [4] v. 4.2 4.2.1 X,Y X,Y 1 10 A1, A2,..., *D1, D2, *E1, E2 ( *D1, *E1 ) 16) [15, 16] 1 Div X Y P1 P2 A A1 A2 B > B1 B2 C C1 C2 D < *D1 D2 E *E1 E2 P1: (Z ) X Y V1, P2: (Z ) X Y V2 V 4.2.2 1, 2 1 B3 ( 1) 2 G3 ( 2) V* V** V[i] ( ) [4, 5] 4.3 P1, P2 P1, P2 1. 2. 3. { A, B, C, D, E, F }5, 6 P1 P1 P2 2 { G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N }5, 6 P2 P2 P1 P2 { G3 }, { K3, 5, 6 }, { L3 }, { M3 } { G, K, L }3 V2 V2 X, Y V2 4.4 : 1: B3, K3 {,, } X

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B 10 (parallel distributed semantics) 17) (60) ( ) (61) A A.1 18) (evoker) [5] ( ) [14, pp. 105 106] 19) : (62) : a. [ :],, (), /,, /, b. [ :],, c. [ :] /,, /,, /,,,,,, d. [:] e. [:], /,,, f. [ :], g. [:],, h. [:], A.2 (63) a. [:],, 17) Distributed Semantics PDP (distributed representation) Distributed Morphology [6] Halle Marantz Multi-moduler Morphology? 18) Mental Space [2] 19) b. [:],,, : (64) a. [:],,, b. [/:] (* ),,, [/] B B.1 (65) a. P1: { i.??, ii.?*, iii. # } b. P2: { i., ii.?, iii. } (66) a. P1: { i.??, ii. *, iii. # } b. P2: { i., ii., iii. } (67) a. P1: { i., ii. } b. P2: { i. *, ii. * } (68) a. P1: { i., ii., iii. *, iv.?* b. P2: { i. *, ii. *, iii., iv.? B.2 (69) E1: P1 P2? a. { i., ii., iii. (?? ) b. { i., ii., iii. * (?? ) (70) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii.?*, iii.?? b. { i. *, ii.?*, iii.??

11 (71) E2: P1 P2 a. { i. *, ii.??, iii. * b. { i. *, ii., iii.??? (72) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii., iii. b. { i. *, ii., iii.?* (73) E1: P1 P2? a. { i.?, ii., iii.? b. { i. *, ii., iii. * B.3 (74) a. P1: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. b. P2: { i., ii., iii. { i., ii. (75) a. P1: { i., ii. { i.?, ii.?, iii. * b. P2: { i., ii. { i., ii., iii. B.4 (e.g., ) (76) E2: P1 P2 a. { i., ii., iii.?? } { i., ii., iii., iv. * } b. { i., ii., iii. } { i., ii.??, iii. *, iv. } B.5 (77) a. P1: { i., ii. { i. b. P2: { i., ii. { i.?? } (78) a. P1: { i., ii. { i. } b. P2: { i., ii. { i.?? } (79) a. P1: { i.?, ii.?*, iii. } { i., ii.?* b. P2: {i., ii.?*, iii. } { i., ii. (80) a. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } a. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } b. ()({ i., ii. }) { i., ii. } b. ()({ i., ii. }) { i. *, ii. } [1] D. Archangeli and D. T. Langendoen. Optimality Theory: An Overview. Blackwell, 1997. [2] G. R. Fauconnier. Mental Spaces: Aspects of Meaning Construction in Natural Language. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1985. [3] C. J. Fillmore. Frame semantics. In Linguistic Society of Korea, editor, Linguistics in the Morning Calm, pages 111 137. Hanshin Publishing, Seoul, 1982. [4] C. J. Fillmore. Frames and the semantics of understanding. Quaderni di Semantica, 6(2):222 254, 1985. [5] T. Fontenelle, editor. FrameNet and Frame Semantics. Oxford University Press, 2003. A Special Issue of International Journal of Lexicography, 16 (3). [6] M. Halle and A. Marantz. Distributed morphology and the pieces of inflection. In K. Hale and S. J. Keyser, editors, The View from Building 20, pages 111 176. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1993. [7] R. W. Langacker. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 1: Theoretical Prerequisites. Stanford University Press, 1987. [8] S. Pinker. Learnability and Cognition. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989. [9],, and. :. In, page 38, 2004. [http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/nakamoto-et-al-cogpsy20% 04-Original.pdf].

12 [10].. In, editor, ( 3 ), pages 79 153., 2003. [11],, and.. In 21, pages 190 191, 2004. [12],, and.. In, editor, 4, pages 133 269., 2005. [ : http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/roles-and-frames.pdf]. [13],,, and. : x y. In 22, pages 253 55 (Q 38), 2005. [ : http: //clsl.hi.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp/ kkuroda/ papers/frames-attract-readings-% jcss22.pdf]. [14], editor. :., 2001. [15].., 98, 1990. [16].., 19(5):76 87, 2000.