90 COE 2006 6

8....................................... 8....................................... 12....................................... 15 I 19 1 21....................................... 21 1.1......................... 25 1.2......................... 33 1.3.......... 39........................................... 41 2 42....................................... 42 2.1................. 42 2.2........... 46 2.3.......... 48 2.4......... 52........................................... 54 1

II 55 3 57....................................... 57 3.1........................... 58 3.2........................... 60 3.3................... 64 3.4........... 69 3.5..................... 71........................................... 73 4 74....................................... 74 4.1............ 75 4.2............... 78 4.3..................... 81 4.4.................... 84 4.5...................... 89........................................... 93 5 94....................................... 94 5.1............................ 96 5.2............................ 99 5.3....................... 104 5.4....... 107 5.5...................... 111........................................... 115 2

III 117 6 119....................................... 119 6.1............................... 121 6.2....................... 135 6.3................................ 138 6.4.............. 140........................................... 145 7 146....................................... 146 7.1.............................. 149 7.2............................... 154 7.3.................... 158........................................... 164 165 3

1..................... 17 6.1......................... 122 6.2........................... 124 6.3......................... 125 6.4.................................... 127 6.5............................ 129 6.6.............................. 132 6.7.............................. 134 6.8................................... 136 6.9................................... 137 6.10................. 139 7.1.............................. 147 7.2........................... 148 7.3............ 149 7.4.............. 151 7.5.............. 151 7.6.............. 152 7.7.............. 152 7.8........... 155 4

7.9............... 157 7.10............... 157 7.11...................... 158 7.12...................... 158 7.13.................... 159 7.14................... 159 7.15................... 160 7.16....................... 160 7.17....................... 160 7.18....................... 160 5

1.1........................... 23 2.1....................... 49 3.1.............. 61 3.2...................... 63 3.3........... 66 3.4.............................. 67 3.5............................ 68 4.1..................... 80 4.2 2 +5.......... 81 4.3....................... 83 4.4.......................... 85 4.5................. 92 5.1...................... 97 5.2................................... 99 5.3 1986-1994.................................. 101 5.4 1994 1998...................................... 102 5.5... 106 6

5.6 50-54 20-24............... 109 6.1.................... 128 6.2............................... 130 6.3.............................. 130 6.4..................... 130 6.5............................... 131 6.6................................ 131 6.7....................... 131 7.1....................... 154 7.2.............................. 161 7

2000 = 2000 43 *1 = 1979 iii 1990 *1 1993 8

*2 1990 90 1999 1840 1996 1998 0.62km 2 1996 8 350 1997 8 560 1998 8 830 1998 *3 8,660 *4 1 17 *2 *3 1998 8 20 28 2001 4 2001 *4 2003 2003 9

*5 1990 1999 *6 2002 8 105 *7 4 2004 2 *5 1995 *6 1999 *7 http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxsearch.cgi 10

2003 7 *8 1990 *9 2004 2 2004 1990 *8 0731001 15 7 31 *9 1 25 11

2004 1990 1990 1990 90 2004 56 2003 107 12

* 10 1990 1990 90 2001 * 11 *10 19791989 *11 Fine 19982003 13

* 12 * 13 * 14 1990 *12 Fine 1998 *13 *14 2004 49 14

* 15 90 1990 *15 19791988 1989199520032004 15

80 90 1990 1990 16

1 2,253 607 4,358 874 568 8,660 261 91 475 156 96 1,079 59 4 44 23 4 134 6 3 8 5 4 26 8 0 9 2 7 26 324 78 470 116 129 1,117 40 41 27 26 23 157 9 3 3 14 1 30 3 1 4 8 3 19 211 73 661 95 44 1,084 351 157 924 84 69 1,585 33 1 8 16 6 64 39 5 34 46 19 143 42 2 19 29 3 95 1 0 12 10 7 30 7 1 16 10 7 41 19 4 17 13 0 53 6 0 16 3 1 26 4 5 8 8 2 27 116 36 206 38 25 421 17 11 100 17 29 174 8 4 10 6 2 30 181 19 126 29 3 358 15 3 2 9 2 31 493 65 1,159 111 82 1,910 2001 8 17

I

1 *1 *2 1990 1990 *1 1995 *2 2002 2002 20012000 20052004200320032003 20042003 21

1980 = = = *3 1990 1990 *3 1999 22

*4 1990 = 1.1 1.1 1.1 *4 90 23

= 2004 56 57.9 90 90 24

1.1 1977 1980 *5 1 2 3 1955; 1956 1920 *5 1950 25

1980 1980 1955; 1956 1967... 1967 64 1967 1967 1967 74-82 26

1966 1966 *6 1966 19661967 *7 *6 1966 365-366 *7 Doeringer/Piore 1971 Gordon/Edwards/Reich 1982 Fine 1998 27

2003 1956 1979 = *8 *8 28

1997 219 *9 * 10 1987 1987 76-89 1987 * 11 *9 *10 K. *11 1975 1979 1979 29

1969 341 * 12 5 1987 47 1 2 3 * 13 4 5 5 1987 29 5 60 1987 54-58 *12 1967 72 *13 2 4 1987 5 30

19691987 1987 * 14 1987 273-277 1966 1969 = = = 1966 352-353 1979 = *14 1987 273 31

1979 = = = 1979 vii = * 15 * 16 *15 19581958 *16 19661966; 1967a; 1967b 1972 1978 32

1.2 1961 8 * 17 1960 1961 *17 1976 1994 33

1961 156-164 1961 1961 165-169 1962 1962 60-61 1962 136 1962 1982 1982 198-199 1982 198-199 = 1982 1982 211-212 = 34

19671968 1967 1968 = 1989 1989 13 1979 1979 35

1989 73-81 1989 1989 90 1995 = * 18 1993 *18 1999 36

= 1993 * 19 1993 190 1990 2000 2000 13 20001990 *19 1993 19891995 37

2000 17-18 2000 2000 1990 2003 = 20002005 = 2005 * 20 *20 1999 38

1956 1967 73-741990 2000 * 21 2000 88-89 1.3 1989 *21 10 10 10 1993 39

1989 1989 1990 1994 1990... 2001 23-24 1990 1999; 2001 1990 90 2004 40

56-57 1989 * 22 2004 * 23 1990 1990 *22 1989 *23 2000 2005 1989 41

2 1990 1990 2.1 42

*1 *2 1955 = 1961; 1990 1972 1984 = *1 *2 1990 43

1969 1204 1958 233 *3 *4 1958 1990......... *3 *4 1980 6 1983 245 44

1956 22 = 1967b 45

2.2 1980 1980 41-42 *5 *6 *5 80 *6 44 1970 1980 46

*7 1985 *8 13 1999 *9 1990 11 29 * 10 1997 1999 2005 Web *7 1988 *8 1978 7 *9 2 1 1 2 3 *10 47

* 11 * 12 1988 Web 2.3 * 13 *11 *12 *13 48

= 1979 iii 2.1 49

2.1 1978 = * 14 1978 ii-iii............... *14 1978 iii-iv 50

......... 1998: 168-173 1998 1980 1 2 3 = 4 5 * 15 1998 1980 *15 51

1980 2.4 1989 87 52

1958 1 5 1958 101 1980 1980 53

* 16 1990 = *16 54

II

3 1990 *1 1989 108 1990 1980 1990 1980 *2 = = *1 1983 2 1993 1999 *2 57

1990 1999 *3 = 1990 *4 1990 3.1 *3 1998 1999 2001 672 6 2001 *4 2001 19992000 199919971994 58

1999 55 1999 55-61 = 1999 32-33 59

= 1999 55-61 *5 3.2 1980 *5 1994 60

*6 *7 3.1 3.1 1990 1990 1980 704,202 1990 1,854,900 1993 889,731 *6 10 10 10 1993 *7 2001 61

1995 1,260,407 *8 1996 1998 583,610, *9 1980 241,533 1985 227,240 1990 250,690 1995 273,752 2000 258,664, 1990 1985 1995 1995 1990 3.2 1989 H01 1990 H02 1990 H02 1993 H05 1990 1994 H06 1998 H10 Y 1990 *8 *9 62

3.2 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 63

3.3 1964 36.5 23 44.3 28 11.0 7 8.2 5 1976 64.8 25 21.0 8 14.2 5 1966 1984 90 1987 95 2.1 49 1980 1990 74.7 9.3 3.6... * 10 *10 2.2 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.4 1.2 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.0 64

* 11 1997 53 1993 73 3.3 3.4 1988 1990 1990 1,121,755 1997 698,154 3.4 3.2 X 3.5 * 12 *11 1997 *12 1977 Schmookler 1966 65

3.3 1996 6 * 13 *13 66

3.4 1992 64 67

3.5 * 14 1990 1990 *14 68

3.5 1991 1990 1990 80 * 15 1990 1992 3.4 1980 1990 1990 1995 *15 80 69

, 1990 90 =... 70

1997 75 1997 81 3.5 90 1990 55 1990 45 * 16*17 13,500 1 *16 *17 71

* 18 2001 9 6 43 * 19 50 2 8 1 4 5 5 15 1 8 1980 1990 1997 109 *18 2001 *19 72

1,000 1990 73

4 1990 *1 1990 1990 *2 1999 57.9 *1 *2 2003 2001 199920002000 2000 1999 74

2001 4 1993; 1999 90 1994 *3 2001 2004 2004 4 4.1 1990 2001 *3 75

1999; 1999 1990 = *4 = 2001 1999 1999 54 2001 2001 *4 1997; 1999 76

1990 = 1990 = 2001 2001 2001 25-27 2001 34-40 1964 44.3 36.5 11.0 8.2 1990 96.0 1990 74.7 9.3 3.6... 77

1991 51.2 1995 2001 2001 4.2 90 80 90 90 78

80 *5 1989 1989 84 4.1 2 1990 7 1995 7 1995 20 60 50 40 2 1990 20-34 35-39 40-44 60 60 7 1995 20-24 40-44 45-49 55-59 M 2 1990 182,980 7 1995 197,569 7 1995 2 1990 1 5 20 34 7 1995 2 1990 15,157 *5 2001 79

4.1 4.1 5 2 1990 7 1995 5 2 1990 7 1995 2 1990 +5 7 1995 4.2 7 1995 2 1990 +5 20 55 80

4.2 2 +5 4.3 81

1997 1991 15.3 1996 13.8 2001 10.7 1997 I II III 1997 221 I II III *6 4.3 1991 *6 1985 32,964 99.5 154 0.5 1990 40,330 99.4 243 0.6 1995 45,849 99.3 330 0.7 82

4.3 19 25-29 30-34 35-39 25-29 40 50 55-59 1991 6,930 19 80 25-29 590 30-34 530 35-39 520 40-44 660 55-59 1,220 60-64 690 65-69 390 1994 19 20-24 25-29 20-24 30 1991 40 50 83

1994 20-24 55-59 M 1994 8,230 1991 6,930 1,300 19 210 20-24 880 30-34 530 35-39 440 40-44 55-59 1,330 60-64 770 65-69 170 4.4 4.4 1991 10,000 0 10,000 14,000 10,000 14,000 14,000 10,000 360 14,000 2,600 16,000 1,420 24,000 10 1994 1991 10,000 14,000 84

4.4 16,000 24,000 1991 1991 24,000 10,000 410 14,000 2,090 16,000 1,710 24,000 140 24,000 550 1991 1994 6,930 8,230 1,300 4.4 14,000 85

1991 14,000 4,290 1994 3,470 820 14,000 2,100 *7 *8 4.4 *9 *7 *8 *9 1999 97 1999 97 86

8 8 1991 12,600 1994 13,000 1994 8 12,000 514 2.2 12,400 133 0.6 12,500 282 1.2 13,000 20,541 87.1 13,500 1,258 5.3 14,000 794 3.4 15,000 30 0.1 16,000 44 0.2 13,000 * 10 4.4 1991 8 12,635 1994 8 13,037 1991 12,635 1994 1999 97 *10 1991 12,600 1991 8 12,000 15,000 12,635 12,000-13,000 87

14,000 37.5 1994 1991 13,037 14,000 25.4 14,000 1994 * 11 1997 I II III * 12 1997 III *11 *12 88

80 III 4.5 * 13 = 1990 1,854,900 1994 889,731 1995 1,260,407 *13 1993 89

1997 1998 583,610 ; 1999 1982 88.0 1990 74.7 1998 63.9 1999 110-111 90 90 90 * 14 1999 50 47 47 2001 191 * 15 90 *14 1999 *15 2000 2000 90

13 26 = 7,500 * 16 = 1 20 20 33.3 13 20 51.0 7 13 40.0 4 7 61.5 1 4 50.8 1 28.9 * 17 1999 20 * 18 1980 40 30 80 90 60 90 60 40 50 80 40 90 90 4.5 80 90 90 *16 17 *17 461 39.3 *18 91

4.5 92

90 93

5 1990 *1 *2 1993 2004 56-57 1990 *1 *2 2004 2001 199920002000 2000 1999 94

1990 90 4.5 89 *3 *4 4.1 75 1998-99 *5 1990 *3 1999 2001 *4 *5 1998 8 830 1999 8 1,010 2000 8 580 2001 8 460 2002 8 510 2003 8 450 95

1980 1990 90 1980 1990 5.1 1990 2004 1986 14,140 1987 7,970 1988 8,480 1989 5,840 1990 7,400 5.1 1990 1991 60 570 7.7 1,160 16.5 1993 60 1990 96

5.1 3K *6 *7 *6 13 6 2001 *7 1997 1997 97

5.1 50 40 60 30 30 50 1992 1993 1997 1992 1998 40 1986 1988 1988 1991 40 1993 1991 1996 30 1987 1990 30 1991 1992 1992 1995 30 30 1998 1 10 1 25 50 3 75 9 90 5.2 1992 1993 1986 1990 11,000 1991 1992 13,000 1993 15,000 16,000 2000 1989 2,370.6 1986 1991 2,600 2,900 1992 1993 3,000 1994 1995 4,000 3,000 30 30 = 1990 = 98

5.2 5.2 1980 1990 1986 1990 1994 1998 1986 1990 1994 5.3 1994 1998 5.4 99

5.1 1990 1994 1998 30 5.3 1986-1994 5.4 1994-1998 1986 1998 1986 50 10,000 8,000 10,000 50 12,000 40 12,000 50 10,000 8,000 10,000 13.0 50 12,000 11.0 40 12,000 8.0 10,000 12,000 40 50 10,000 12,000 1990 30 12,000 50 14,000 50 12,000 30 12,000 9.5 50 14,000 9.2 50 12,000 7.7 12,000 30 40 50 12,000 1994 50 16,000 40 16,000 30 14,000 50 16,000 13.9 40 16,000 8.9 30 14,000 8.5 30 16,000 1998 40 16,000 50 16,000 30 14,000 40 16,000 11.3 50 16,000 10.6 30 14,000 8.6 30 16,000 1986 1990 1986 50 10,000 1990 50 10,000 100

5.3 1986-1994 1986 50 10,000 1990 30 12,000 1986 1990 1990 1994 16,000 40 50 30 101

5.4 1994 1998 1994 1998 50 30 16,000 50 40 1986 1998 1986 1990 102

1986 1990 30 1990 1990 1994 1990 1994 1994 1998 1994 1990 *8 III...... 1997 217-218 III 1997 III 1990 *8 103

16,000 *9 * 10 1997 I I 5.3 *9 500 1,000 *10 1997 270-271 104

1980 1985 47.4 1986 48.2 1987 48.8 1988 46.4 1989 51.2 50 0.2 0.8 1998 54.4 1980 40 50 1990 50 8 8 1990 8 1989 8 1989 6 * 11 *11 1986 10,000 8,000 8,623 1992 1992 8 13,015 87.0 13,000 1981 1990 1,000 105

1992 1993 1997 1998 1986 8,623 1987 9,080 1988 9,568 1989 10,678 1990 11,500 1991 12,635 1992 13,015 1994 13,000 1995 13,389 1996 13,511 1998 12,935 5.5 5.3 5.4 106

5.3 86 1980 40 50 1986 1990 1994 1998 40 50 * 12 1986 2,760 19.2 1987 1,370 17.2 1988 1,920 22.6 1989 1,130 19.3 1990 1,070 14.4 1991 1,320 18.8 1992 1,300 19.4 1993 1,300 12.8 1994 920 11.0 1995 1,020 11.0 1996 450 6.8 1997 1,140 16.1 1998 870 10.2 5.5 5.5 5.4 *12 50 1980 40 1990 50 1980 1990 50 1990 50 40 107

20-24 50-54 1 10 1 25 50 3 75 9 90 5.6 50-54 50-54 50-54 1995 1996 1996 1990 1992 1997 1998 1990 25 * 13 *13 1988 3.7 1989 5.8 1990 9.4 1991 12.5 1992 6.9 1993 5.8 1994 3.0 1989 1993 108

5.6 50-54 20-24 5.6 20-24 20-24 1990 1990 1992 1997 1998 109

1990 1992 69 1997 III III I... 1958 100-101 1998 30 1997 110

16.2 1998 27.9 1999 30.7 2000 25.9 2001 23.0 2002 22.0 2003 20.0 2004 19.2 1999 1990 2000 1998 5.5 1990 1990 * 14*15 1990 *14 1990 1990 2001 *15 1994 11 55 111

1998 2001 1990 * 16 1994 1994 3 13,000 7 3 13,000 13,500 2 1995: 6 1994 1995 1994 8 13,000 87.1 13,500 5.3 1995 3 13,000 43.6 13,500 50.9 1995 3 *16 112

1995 3 1996 1997 13,500 1997 8 13,500 82.8 1998 1997 8 82.8 13,500 1998 3 52.4 13,500 26.5 13,000 1990 1998 8 1997 8 13,000 44.4 13,500 29.6 12,000 12.2... 1999 8 12,000 33.8 11,500 25.0 11,000 18.1 12,500 10.8... 2000 3 115,00 29.1 11,000 28.8 12,000 26.8... 2004 1998 2000 14,000 13,000 1990 113

1993 1981 1988 9,500 1989 10,500 1990 11,500 1991 12,500 1992 13,000 1993 1988 9,568 1989 10,678 1990 11,500 1991 12,635 1992 13,015 1992 8 87.0 13,000 * 17 1990 1995 3 1998 8 1990 1990 1990 9.4 1991 12.5 1992 6.9 1993 5.8 1994 3.0 1995 4.4 1996 5.6 1997 3.6 1998 1.2 1999 0.95 2000 1.40... 2004 2 * 18 1980 *17 1981 *18 1978 114

1990 1990 1990 115

III

6 1990 1990 1980 1990 1958 242 14 119

*1 1958 244 1980 1989 87 1999 32-33; 3 90 1990 1990 1990 *2 1990 *1 1956 28 *2 20042003 120

6.1 1998-1999 1999 8 9 1/4 1/3 672 6.1 2001 121

6.1 451 107 105 19 5 0 1 0 506 131 61 17 2 2 0 0 216 92 190 25 7 0 37 24 28 7 1 0 8 2 21 5 2 0 10 0 183 28 18 11 7 0 354 145 5 0 497 57 2761 672 2001 22 122

*3 *4 *5 11 *6 *7 1 5 6.2 68.9 79.8 11.2 17.5 71.7 88.8 8.3 17.5 *8 *3 2003 1 2 25,296 7,757 6,361 2,121 2003 *4 2003 *5 2002 *6 2000 *7 2002 *8 1990 123

1999 6.2 58 52 376 1539 30 90 2145 2.7 2.4 17.5 71.7 1.4 4.2 100.0 13 15 68 483 18 8 605 2.1 2.5 11.2 79.8 3.0 1.3 100.0 17 7 59 291 7-380 4.5 1.8 15.5 76.6 1.8-100.0 29 40 90 474 12 4 688 4.2 5.8 13.1 68.9 1.7 0.6 100.0 13 7 36 186 0 5 257 5.1 2.7 14.0 72.4 0.0 1.9 100.0 39 24 277 1659 12 91 2102 1.9 1.1 13.2 78.9 0.6 4.3 100.0 4 8 52 545 1 4 614 0.7 1.3 8.5 88.8 0.2 0.7 100.0 7 1 30 317 5-360 1.9 0.3 8.3 88.1 1.4-100.0 14 18 62 532 4 5 635 2.2 2.8 9.8 83.8 0.6-100.0 17 3 17 189 0 3 255 2.7 2.4 17.5 71.7 1.4 4.2 100.0 2003 2002 2000 2002 124

97.0 3.0 40 3.2 40 17.1 50 45.0 60 30.8 70 3.9 55.8 87.9 28.3 26.8 17.9 6.6 5.1 5.0 3.9... 6.3 6.3: 1 2 3 13 1.9 2.0 100.0 6 0.9 0.9 27.3 2 0.3 0.3 9.1 5 0.7 0.8 22.7 2 0.3 0.3 9.1 3 0.4 0.5 13.6 4 0.6 0.6 18.2 22 3.3 3.3 100.0 4 0.6 0.6 9.1 1 0.1 0.2 2.3 3 0.4 0.5 6.8 2 0.3 0.3 4.5 2 0.3 0.3 4.5 26 3.9 3.9 59.1 5 0.7 0.8 11.4 1 0.1 0.2 2.3 44 6.5 6.6 100.0 8 1.2 1.2 14.3 2 0.3 0.3 3.6 125

10 1.5 1.5 17.9 9 1.3 1.4 16.1 1 0.1 0.2 1.8 3 0.4 0.5 5.4 6 0.9 0.9 10.7 9 1.3 1.4 16.1 8 1.2 1.2 14.3 56 8.3 8.4 100.0 4 0.6 0.6 2.1 9 1.3 1.4 4.8 119 17.7 17.9 63.3 34 5.1 5.1 18.1 11 1.6 1.7 5.9 9 1.3 1.4 4.8 2 0.3 0.3 1.1 188 28.0 28.3 100.0 6 0.9 0.9 7.6 15 2.2 2.3 19.0 21 3.1 3.2 26.6 15 2.2 2.3 19.0 22 3.3 3.3 27.8 79 11.8 11.9 100.0 19 2.8 2.9 23.8 17 2.5 2.6 21.3 25 3.7 3.8 31.3 18 2.7 2.7 22.5 1 0.1 0.2 1.3 80 11.9 12.0 100.0 33 4.9 5.0 18.5 7 1.0 1.1 3.9 18 2.7 2.7 10.1 22 3.3 3.3 12.4 9 1.3 1.4 5.1 21 3.1 3.2 11.8 44 6.5 6.6 24.7 23 3.4 3.5 12.9 126

1 0.1 0.2 0.6 178 26.5 26.8 100.0 4 0.6 0.6 100.0 664 98.8 100.0 8 1.2 672 100.0 1 2 3 6.4 1 2 5 0.7 0.8 8 1.2 1.2 11 1.6 1.7 16 2.4 2.4 21 3.1 3.2 340 50.6 51.1 5 0.7 0.8 209 31.1 31.4 10 1.5 1.5 1 0.1 0.2 1 0.1 0.2 24 3.6 3.6 3 0.4 0.5 11 1.6 1.7 665 99.0 100.0 7 1.0 672 100.0 1 2 *9 51.1 *9 127

31.4 6.4 6.1 * 10 6.1 3-4 67.8 3 6 4.7 * 11 1 8.3 6.5 2-3 30 *10 *11 0 2 128

6.5 615 8.2 2 620 9.9 3 536 9.4 4 423 8.7 5 286 7.3 6 200 6.6 7 244 5.3 F Prob>F 6 3387.5 564.583 7.5459 <.0001 2859 213910.5 74.82 2865 217298 = 43.6 17.6 13.9 7.6... 6.2 75.5 9.7 5.7 4.6... 6.3 6.4 6.4 17.6 43.6 35.0 25.9 43.3 22.4 54.9 15.4 59.2 14.8 129

6.2 6.3 6.4 63.2 12.6 41.1 18.8 10.0... 6.5 69.2 10.7... 6.6 44.9 22.0 130

6.5 6.6 6.7 66.9 6.7 6.6 6.6 131

6.6: 34 134 4 23 7 2 7 4 1 2 2 3 2 1 8 3 1 8 13 14 1 18 3 2 3 1 12 1 4 13 48 18 1 2 24 9 46 5 5 15 4 1 1 1 13 20 1 6 4 4 1 35 12 1 24 4 9 21 1 28 474 1 12 7 2 1 2 2 1 18 1 1 46 6 4 196 4 5 69 20 67 90 14 1 36 7 21 51 1 1 1 4 1 3 2 30 6 3 1 15 1 1 1 2 21 31 1 4 1 2 84 9 1 6 1 1 2 2 1 1 4 3 2 11 1 1 6 3 9 132 4 95 1 1 1 1 1 89 132

5 2 21 1 1 4 81 1 1 1 1 1 26 2 1 30 1 1 5 1 2 1 1 1 4 1 4 8 1 1 23 1 72 2 3 147 39 24 87 1 1 51 6 1 3 13 1 31 1 1 2 21 4 2 11 2 2 9 1 18 2 1 281 1 2 3,582 16 1 4 1 1 1 3 17 71.0 6.7 42.2 23.8 14.8 12.4 5.1 65.5 11.0 10.5 7.0 65.5 133

6.7 1.7 12.4 42.2 14.8 5.1 23.8 2 6.8 3.8 22.0 10.0 22.3 35.0 3 6.1 2.4 18.5 11.4 32.3 29.3 4 3.9 1.0 11.8 15.0 41.5 26.8 5 3.8 1.4 11.9 10.2 49.8 22.9 6 5.5 1.5 7.5 7.5 58.3 19.6 4.7 1.2 7.0 10.5 65.5 11.0 23.8 1964 * 12 1999 8 20 59 1977 37 3 3 *12 1966 134

3 1 1999 8 26 54 1959 14 1999 8 26 51 1959 12 14 1961 10 1971 24 57.9 2001 65 6.2 135

* 13 * 14 6.8 E F H I L A 29 17 11 5 4 66 43.9 25.8 16.7 7.6 6.1 100.0 E 515 53 25 37 31 661 77.9 8.0 3.8 5.6 4.7 100.0 F 205 223 34 55 36 553 37.1 40.3 6.2 10.0 6.5 100.0 H 66 21 49 9 10 155 42.6 13.6 31.6 5.8 6.5 100.0 I 88 43 16 100 25 272 32.4 15.8 5.9 36.8 9.2 100.0 L 71 21 8 21 49 170 41.8 12.4 4.7 12.4 28.8 100.0 974 378 143 227 155 1877 51.9 20.1 7.6 12.1 8.3 100.0 Chisq p Likelihood 579.635 <.0001 Pearson 718.948 <.0001 A E F H I L 6.8 * 15 E 51.9 F 20.1 I 12.1... E F E F *13 1967 *14 *15 136

E E E E 77.9 F 8.0 E E F F F 40.3 I I H L A H 211 6.9 95 8 5 4 112 84.8 7.1 4.5 3.6 100.0 23 103 3 5 134 17.2 76.9 2.2 3.7 100.0 12 7 36 7 62 19.4 11.3 58.1 11.3 100.0 17 4 4 54 79 21.5 5.1 5.1 68.4 100.0 147 122 48 70 387 38.0 31.5 12.4 18.1 100.0 Chisq p Likelihood 403.148 <.0001 Pearson 490.148 <.0001 137

6.9 84.8 76.9 58.1 68.4 6.3 6.10 E F H 1980 I L 1985 1985 1965 E 34.9 F 34.4 I 11.3 H 10.8 L 3.6 1970 E 35.5 F 138

6.10 A E F H I L O 1965 11 136 134 42 44 14 9 390 2.8 34.9 34.4 10.8 11.3 3.6 2.3 1970 11 165 150 56 50 16 17 465 2.4 35.5 32.3 12.0 10.8 3.4 3.7 1975 10 211 118 56 52 29 10 486 2.1 43.4 24.3 11.5 10.7 6.0 2.1 1980 7 252 104 48 52 30 9 502 1.4 50.2 20.7 9.6 10.4 6.0 1.8 1985 7 302 84 33 51 39 4 520 1.4 58.1 16.2 6.4 9.8 7.5 0.8 1990 3 345 68 23 38 28 4 509 0.6 67.8 13.4 4.5 7.5 5.5 0.8 1995 1 345 48 17 24 20 7 462 0.2 74.7 10.4 3.7 5.2 4.3 1.5 50 1756 706 275 311 176 60 3334 1.5 52.7 21.2 8.3 9.3 5.3 1.8 Chisq p Likelihood 338.541 <.0001 Pearson 332.009 <.0001 A E F H I L O 32.3 I 10.8 H 12.0 L 3.4 1975 E 43.4 F 24.3 I 10.7 H 11.5 L 6.0 1980 E 50.2 F 20.7 I 10.4 H 9.6 L 6.0 1985 E 58.1 F 16.2 I 9.8 H 6.4 L 7.5 1990 E 67.8 F 13.4 I 7.5 H 4.5 L 5.5 1995 E 74.7 F 10.4 139

I 5.2 H 3.7 L 4.3 1990 6.4 1999 8 7 48 1970 19 13 140

1999 9 8 62 1937 3 1955 18 4 1962 25 1 15 * 16 1977 40 1978 41 200 1999 8 20 64 19 1954 3 =... *16 141

2004 57 1999 8 26 54 1945 3 10 5 X 1960 15 IC 35 1996 51 3 1 3000 1997 7 15 52 * 17 *17 1998b 33 142

1999 8 20 52 17 1 20 26 10 * 18 1998 8 21 70 1963 35 1963 1 1966 38 1973 45 1999 8 7 57 *18 1967 143

1982 40 10 4 1986 44 8 26 1999 8 7 51 1996 48 1 1998 4 50 2 144

145

7 1990 = 1966 352-353 7.1 7,757 6,361 2,121 1,928... 74.8 146

7.1 142 0.6 57 0.2 16 0.1 660 2.6 18 0.1 7,757 30.7 222 0.9 947 3.7 13 0.1 14 0.1 24 0.1 90 0.4 43 0.2 13 0.1 130 0.5 4 0.0 134 0.5 65 0.3 87 0.3 231 0.9 829 3.3 33 0.1 668 2.6 14 0.1 6,361 25.1 46 0.2 1,928 7.6 85 0.3 74 0.3 23 0.1 24 0.1 1,187 4.7 22 0.1 41 0.2 24 0.1 41 0.2 51 0.2 124 0.5 37 0.1 39 0.2 86 0.3 22 0.1 465 1.8 80 0.3 2,121 8.4 158 0.6 46 0.2 25,296 100.0 2003 7.2 19.4 6.3 4.9 4.8... 147

7.2 11 1.7 4 0.6 5 0.8 13 2.0 2 0.3 126 19.4 5 0.8 31 4.8 2 0.3 10 1.5 3 0.5 12 1.8 5 0.8 6 0.9 5 0.8 16 2.5 1 0.2 20 3.1 2 0.3 15 2.3 1 0.2 19 2.9 3 0.5 19 2.9 26 4.0 16 2.5 7 1.1 24 3.7 7 1.1 12 1.8 3 0.5 32 4.9 10 1.5 8 1.2 9 1.4 16 2.5 0 0.0 22 3.4 1 0.2 9 1.4 3 0.5 23 3.5 5 0.8 41 6.3 12 1.8 20 3.1 7 1.1 1 0.2 650 100.0 2001 1998-1999 148

*1 7.1 7.3 652 203 31.1 172 26.4 75 11.5 72 11.0 50 7.7 46 7.1... 7.3 11 1.7 8 1.3 15 2.7 22 3.4 8 1.3 4 0.7 46 7.1 74 11.6 62 11.0 50 7.7 58 9.1 33 5.9 203 31.1 313 49.2 340 60.4 75 11.5 45 7.7 28 5.0 72 11.0 34 5.4 27 4.8 172 26.4 94 14.8 52 9.2 1 0.2 2 0.3 2 0.4 652 100.0 636 100.0 563 100.0 *1 149

636 313 49.2 94 14.8 74 11.6 58 9.1 45 7.7 34 5.4... 13 74 11.6 58 9.1 45 7.7 34 5.4 563 340 60.4 62 11.0 52 9.2 49.2 60.4 0.6 5.5 3.3 1986 319 150

7.4 21 58.3 5 13.9 1 2.8 1 2.8 3 8.3 1 2.8 1 2.8 2 5.7 1 2.8 36 100.0 7.5 2 1.2 1 0.6 5 3.1 137 85.1 5 3.1 1 0.6 2 1.2 2 1.2 1 0.6 1 0.6 1 0.6 3 1.9 161 100.0 7.4 36 21 58.3 5 13.9 58.3 151

7.5 137 85.1 5 3.1 85.1 7.6 4 9.1 1 2.3 1 2.3 3 6.8 1 2.3 6 13.6 12 27.3 14 31.8 1 2.3 1 2.3 44 100.0 7.7 3 2.1 3 2.1 1 0.7 1 0.7 38 26.2 6 4.1 1 0.7 2 1.4 4 2.8 35 24.1 35 24.1 1 0.7 4 2.8 2 1.4 1 0.7 1 0.7 4 2.8 2 1.4 1 0.7 145 100.0 152

7.6 44 14 79.6 12 13.6 31.8 7.7 38 26.2 35 24.1 7.1 153

7.1 7.2 154

*2 7.8 164 25.3 321 51.3 334 60.8 338 68.6 484 74.7 239 38.2 115 21.0 73 14.8 14 2.2 30 5.5 14 2.8 52 8.3 70 12.8 68 13.8 648 100.0 626 100.0 549 100.0 493 100.0 7.8 25.3 51.3 60.8 68.6 38.2 21.0 *2 206 155

14.8 *3 = = = =... 7.9 7.10 30 20 20 7.9 *3 156

7.9 2 1.1 26 20.2 9 7.0 5 3.9 37 28.9 46 25.7 4 3.1 129 100.0 7.10 95 74.2 7 5.5 7 5.5 14 10.9 3 2.3 2 1.6 128 100.0 28.9 25.7 20.2... 1 3.8 2 7.7 1 3.8 16 61.5 3 11.5 1 3.8 2 3.8 7.10 74.2 10.9 5.5... 2 2.1 1 1.1 88 92.6 2 2.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 7.9 7.10 7.9 7.10 157

7.3 7.11 7.12 2 0.3 214 36.8 206 35.4 13 2.2 32 5.5 73 12.5 42 7.2 582 100.0 8 1.5 13 2.4 31 5.8 58 10.8 5 0.9 3 0.6 21 3.9 181 33.8 15 2.8 196 36.6 5 0.9 536 100.0 7.11 7.13 158

7.11 214 36.8 582 206 35.4 73 12.5 42 7.2... 7.12 196 36.6 181 33.8 31 10.8... 7.13 360 59.8 196 32.6 28 4.7... 7.11 7.13 52.3 7.13 7.14 8 1.3 28 4.7 196 32.6 360 59.8 10 1.7 602 100.0 1 0.4 162 57.7 54 19.2 12 4.3 25 8.9 21 7.5 6 2.1 281 100.0 7.14 7.16 7.14 281 162 57.7 54 19.2 25 8.9 21 7.5... 7.15 151 57.0 159

51 19.3 32 12.1... 7.16 238 82.9 36 12.5... 7.15 7.16 1 0.4 8 3.0 32 12.1 3 1.1 2 0.8 8 3.0 51 19.3 7 2.6 151 57.0 2 0.8 265 100.0 3 1.1 5 1.7 36 12.5 238 82.9 5 1.7 287 100.0 7.17 7.18 42 13.5 57 18.3 118 37.8 16 5.1 38 12.2 26 8.3 15 4.8 312 100.0 31 11.7 80 30.3 68 25.8 17 6.4 34 12.9 22 8.3 12 4.5 264 100.0 7.17 160

7.18 7.17... 312 118 34.8 57 18.3 42 15.8 38 12.2 26 8.3 7.18... 264 80 30.3 68 25.8 31 11.7 34 12.9 22 8.3 12.0 12.0 1.8 1 7.2 *4 *4 15 161

1999 8 7 60 1954 15 A A 3 1957 18 A A 1 1958 19 A 500 1999 8 7 44 1955 A 5 1 1970 15 5 6 1973 18 15 16 1954 3 1999 8 6 60 1975 203 162

1978 23 25 1998 43 6 2 1998 43 8 1 9,000 *5 1999 8 9 66 1933 1958 60 70 1999 9 7 62 1952 15 A 1957 20 A *5 1955 1997 163

90 15 1962 1999 8 28 50 164

1990 1990 1980 1990 1990 1990 165

1990 1990 2004 4 1998 583,610 1999 673,318 2000 829,826 2001 656,163 2002 709,997 2003 660,562 2004 702,642 1998 2,081 1999 2,214 2000 2,192 2001 1,519 2002 1,010 2003 950 50 166

80 2 1 2005 2,000 1994 11 2005 2002 2004 2002 2,821 2003 2,893 2004 3,100 *6 28.3 29.1 38.9 46.7 2 26.5 2 4 74.1 2005 33-36 19991996 *6 2004 6 7 6 18 437 2005 33-36 167

2005 1 168

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451 1996 6 II 40 1 1990 9 1997 2002 1966 1972 2003 1991 2003 1968 1993 1955 49 11 1997 34 1988 92 1967 1 1997 2001! / 1999 182 1979 6 1985 2000 171

2004 No.11 1996 5 1967 9 4 1955 6 10 3 1956 3 No.12 1997 5 Shelter-less No.16 2003 4 1958 : 1979 1995 2005 1998 2001 2003 1962 24 1980 5 1980 1955 No.3 2002 No.4 2003 172

2002 1958 35 1983 16 20 2004 2005 1997 2001 1968 1981 1982 1969 418 1993 8 88 2003 1 89 2003 2 49 11 1997 1999 53 2001 30 2004 9 1 1988 2001 173

1 1950 1 1967 1998 a 1998 b 2003 1986 1959 1978 24 1980 5 16 2003 13 2000 2 1977 1964 Schmookler, J. 1966 Innovation and Economic growth, Harvard University Press. Schumpeter, J. A. 1934 The Theory of Economic Growth, Harvard University Press = 1977. Tilly, Chris, Charles Tilly 1994 Capitalist Work and Labor Markets The Handbook of economic sociology, edited by Neil J. Smelser and Richard Swedberg, Prinston University Press. 7 1966 1972 1995 1954 174

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1 2 3 17 2002 4 20 2005 5 6 7 176