伊 勢 湾 の 環 境 保 全 のための 総 合 調 査 マニュアル 伊 勢 湾 の 環 境 保 全 と 開 発 利 用 のあり 方 ー 関 口 秀 夫 三 重 大 学 生 物 資 源 学 部 平 成 15 年 3 月 三 重 県 ( 伊 勢 湾 学 セミナー 設 置 運 営 事 業 )
1. 1-1 1970 45 1998 10 21 2001 13 1999 11 2001 13 2001 13 2003 15 21 1
12 2000 12 2000 12 2002 14 2000 1-2 2000 12 2001 13 2
1-3 2. 3. 4. 3
5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 2. 1970 45 (1972) 1980 55 4
(1972) (1972) (1971) NPO 5
NGO NPO 2010 22 21 21 1995 21 21 (1995) 1996 p.65-103 6
2-1 7
(1) (2) Environment (1967) 8
9
(1995) (1971) 10
(1992) (1971) (1979) 11
12
( ) ( ) (1975 1978) (1992) 13
60 2-2 14
Ecology (1997) (1) (2) (3) 15
2-1 (1) (2) (3) (4) 16
(5) 2-3 (1992) 88:124-136 17
(1998) 10 (World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987 ) Our Common Future (Oxford University Press) 1980 Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: (a) the concept of needs, in particular the essential needs of the world s poor, to which overriding priority should be given. (b) the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment s ability to meet present and future needs. 1992 21 21 1992 21 1997 18
1993 2-4 Nature (1) (2) (3) (4) 19
(1997) 581:5-13 (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) The World Commission on Environment and Development (1987) Our Common Future (Oxford University Press) wise use CVM (Contingent valuation method ) 20
21 (1) (2) (3) (4) (CVM) CVM (Contingent valuation method ) (1998) (1999) CVM (1998) CVM (1) (2) (3) (4)
CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM CVM 22
(2000) CVM 23
3. 3-1 plankton nekton benthos 24
850 60 individuals populations communities ecosystems community assemblage plankton community fish community plankton assemblage fish assemblage Assemblage community ecosystem 25
local population ecosystem 26
6-5 3-2 70% 3600m 100m-150m 70 50m-100m 27
28
4. 3-1 3-2 29
8. 4-1 70% 1998 10 21 30
21 4-4 31
4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-2 river basin catchment watershed (1) (2) (3) (4) 70% (1) (2) (3) (4) 32
(5) (6) (7) (8) 1960 35 1965 40 (1998) 13,000 4,000-5,000 2-3 1965 6,000-7,000 21 1977 52 1980 33
1896 29 1964 39 1997 9 16 (1) (2) (3) (4) 20-30 (1) (2) (3) 34
1998 10 2002 14 4-3 35
(2002) 11:637-650) (1) 1/10 1968 43 36
37 (2) 15 (2000) (2002) (1) (2) (3) (3) 4-2 4-4 4-5
(4) 70% (1997) 61:181-187 Bormann & Likens (1979) Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem (Springer-Verlag) (2000) 18 15:15-24 4-4 (1995) 35,000km 10,000km 13,000km 12,000km 38
70% 14,000km 9,300km (1994) 36: 44-52 50 o C 39
4-1 4-2 1960 35 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1997 (1982) 40
1993 5 1956 31 1998 10 1999 11 41
14,000km 14,000km 2000 12 1. 1) 2) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2. 3. 1996 42
2002 14 (1) (2) (3) (4) 2000 12 43
4-5 50,000ha (42%) (24%) (14%) (12%) 1978 53 4,000ha 44
45
(2001) 24:13-16 46
200,000 ha 1978 53 6,000 ha 47
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1970 45 (1999) 48
1999 11 (2002) 44,124-133 4-6 13 1992 51,000 ha 201,000ha 1978 53 2,000ha 2,800ha 1998 10 300ha 2001 13 26 40 19 2001 13 49
50 (2002) 39:107-115 (1) (2) (3) (1998) 1999 11 4-7
1997 1998 10 1999 11 2000 12 2002 14 2002 14 12 2003 15 NPO 17 NPO (1) (2) (3) 51
(4) (5) 15 27 2003 15 27 1. (1) (2) 2. (1) (2) 3. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 4. (1) (2) (3) 5. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) 52
(2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) NPO 53
4-8 3-1 3-2 COD mg/l ppm COD COD A: 2 mg/l B: 3 mg/l C: 8 mg/l BOD COD 20 o C mg/l ppm 54
8-4 8-5 90% 55
PEMSEA (Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Sea of East Asia: http://www.pemsea.org) 5. 5-1 COD BOD BOD 20ppm, SS 30ppm (1) (2) (3) (1994) (1998) 56
(1) (2) (3) (1) 1,000 (2) 100 5,000 (3) 20 (4) 101 (5) (6) 57
(7) 10 20 (8) 10 20 1999 11 1999 11 (1990) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 58
5-2 2002 14 (http://www.alpha-web.ne.jp/jswa/news/seisaku. html) 1900 33 1958 33 1970 45 1963 38 1996 1998 10 67 58 49 800 75 124 OECD Environmental Data Compendium 1997 94% 85% 77% 77% 92% 48% 91% 33% 71% 30% 97% 14% 56% 5% 100 98 22 59
100 2002 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 60
(7) (8) (1),(4),(6),(7) (1999) 1996 1997 1,000 m 3 776 247 527 60 1,610(68) 102 146 101 12 361(15) 14 0 165 10 189(8) 0 0 0 214 214(9) 892 393 793 296 2,374 (38) (17) (33) (12) (100) 61
1995 107 m 3 2000 m 3 1960 42 5-3 77% 1996 8 6.3% 212 1996 8 2002 14 1999 11 3-1 3-2 62
6. 6-1 TBT DDT PCB (1) a. b. c. (2) a. b. c. d. COD BOD 63
1-6-10 1-6-18 1-6-25 10 1-6-10 1-6-18 1-6-25 11 229 (COD) 45 64
- 2 BOD COD mg/l ppm COD BOD mg/l ppm COD BOD COD COD BOD 65
20 6-3 3-2 -1 1-1-1 1950 1-6-19 6-16m 4-10m 66
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 67
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (1) - (3) 8-4 8-5 6-4 COD 1970 45 68
(2002) 140:183-189 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (2) COD COD 60-80% COD COD COD COD COD 69
1978 53 COD COD 2002 12 a COD (1994) (1) (2) (3) (4) (2000) 37:53-58 (1) (2) (3) 70
1993 65 (I, II, III, IV) COD (A, B, C) COD COD (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) I 0.2 0.02 A 2.0 II 0.3 0.03 B 3.0 III 0.6 0.06 C 8.0 IV 1.0 0.09 2002 12 COD 1-6-6 75 35 51 71
2002 12 2006 16 COD COD COD (2000) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (1) (2) (3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) 72
Ukita & Nakanishi (1999) Pollutant load analysis for the environmental management of enclosed sea in Japan (Proceedings of MEDCOST 99 and EMECS 99 Joint Conference, p.1227-1238) 1990 1,047 270.1 147.6 212 13 835 404.7 6-5 73
(1996) 1:101-113 (1996) 74
1992 1993 5 1995 5 1993 1997 2000 12 NGO 2002 14 75
(1996) (1) 25 100 1,000 (2) 20-30 25 (3) (4) 17,500 0.1 (5) 50 (6) 1990 2015 2-13 Carlton et al.(1999) Historical extinction in the sea (Annu.Rev.Ecol.Syst.30:515-538) 76
77 (WWW Science Report Vol.3) 2002 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (5)
(1) (2) (3) (4) Dr J.T.Carlton Ruiz et al.(1997) Global invasions of marine and estuarine habitats by non-indigenous species (Amer.Zool.37:621-632) Cohen & carlton (1998) Accelerating invasion rate in a highly invaded estuary (Science 279:555-558) Ruiz et al.(1999) Non-indigenous species as stressors in estuarine and marine communities (Limnol.Oceanogr.44:950-972) (1) (2) (3) 78
100 1,700 2002 14 (2002) 1920 1940 15 1990 1980 55 Zebra mussel 79
1998 10 (WWW Science Report Vol.3) 80
1992 4 2002 14 14 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 81
7. 70 1960 35 1980 55 30 1945 20 830 km 2 1988 63 510km 2 2,012km 2 1978 53 64km 2 3.1 7-1 82
1997 1969 1970 14 1971 1972 1973 1978 1974 1976 1977 1978 1980 1993 1984 1981-1983 1987 83
1992 1991 1992 1993 1994 15 21 1997 20 1999 84
1976 51 1993 1971 46 1980 55 1997 21 85
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (1) (2) (3) 1997 1999 11 1984 (1) (2) (3) 86
(1) (2) (3) (4) 14 1993 1997 1993 1999 (1) (2) (3) ODA (4) (5) 87
1999 11 88
1993 1994 2000 12 12 1994 21 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) OECD 1970 45 (2) (3) 7-2 1997 9 1998 10 21 89
10 90
EU EU 2001 13 7-3 (1) (2) 91
(3) (4) (5) (1) (5) (2)-(4) ERA (Ecological or Environmental Risk Assessment) EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) Schmitt & Osenberg (ed.,1996) Detecting Ecological Impacts (Academic Press) (1) The control-impact design, (2) The before-after design, (3) Before-after-impact (BACI) design 92
BACI BACI BACI BACI 93
BACI 94
1997 21 1997 95
7-4 1997 1999 11 14 13 1997 96
87 11 12 (6) 1999 11 97
(2000) 961 98
99 1998 10 (1) (2) (3) (1)-(3) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(5) 100
7-5 Raffensperger et al.(2000) Precaution: belief, regulatory system, and overarching principle (Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health 6:266-269) (1) (2) (3) (4) 1990 1992 101
(1994) 93:448-491 (1) (2) (3) (4) 1980 55 1993 8. (1992) (1996) p.65-104, 19.5m 35m 1,738km 2 70m 102
8-1 (1998) 338km 322km 776km 630km 17.8% 57.9% 4-4 (%) (%) (%) 17.79 14.63 57.86 8.36 17.78 72.25 10.50 9.50 80.00 1.50 25.3 73.20 103
(1994) 23.3% 8.4% 8.0% 4.8% 43.6% 11.9% 104
(ha) (ha) (ha) (ha) 1395 248 2209 40 1549 176 638 169 2944 424 2847 209 4-5 (1997) 1,153ha 355ha 734ha 64ha 825ha 8-4 8-5 10-2 8-2 105
(1) (1996) p.65-103 (2) (1996) p.52-57 (3)Yanagi et al.(1993) Numerical simulation of dispersion of the Pinnixa rathbuni larvae in Ise Bay, Japan (Memoir Fac. Engineering, Ehime Univ. 12:345-354) (4) (2002) 49:114-121 28 o C 10 o C o C 10 11 10m 20 106
8-4 8-5 8-3 107
108 28% 27% 23% 14% 8% 11 50% 26% 16% 5% 3% 72% 15% 13% (2002) 49:127-135 1965 40 1970 45 1990
11 2001 13 2002 14 1990 451 1996 416 1995 6.5% 109
(1998) p.185-197 (1) (2) (3) (4) 2001 13 2002 14 5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 2001 13 8-4 (2000) COD (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 COD (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 110
477 413 355 288 151 150 141 134 307 286 272 246 119 101 97 83 1,010 899 837 746 37 35 34 29 307 286 272 246 (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 365 334 320 281 69 73 64 65 198 194 182 174 57 53 53 47 709 682 700 737 71 68 65 62 198 194 182 174 (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 (ton/day) 54 59 1 6 41.4 30.4 26.0 23.0 9.8 6.7 6.3 6.4 26.0 21.7 20.7 18.5 8.0 7.3 6.8 5.5 66.0 49.1 44.1 42.6 8.2 7.7 7.6 6.6 26.0 21.7 20.7 18.5 2010 22 9-2 COD COD (A, B, C) (A, B, C) (I, II, III, IV) 6-4 COD 111
COD 1-6-9 1-6-15 1-6-16 COD C (8.0 mg/l ) B (3.0 mg/l ) A (2.0 mg/l ) IV 1.0 mg/l 0.09 mg/l III 0.6 mg/l 0.05 mg/l II 0.3 mg/l 0.03 mg/l COD km 2 m m km 3 km 2 ton/day m 3 /s 960 18 2.03 17.9 7540 3500 286(16.0) 186 1730 19 2.47 39.4 17675 800 351(9.0) 617 1450 29 2.33 41.8 5737 1934 352(8.4) 305 1690 20 4.95 33.8 2860 320 47(1.4) 275 COD ton/km 3 /day COD http://libl.nippon-foundation.or.jp/1999/0870/contents/htm (1985) COD T-N T-P km 2 % km 2 km 2 km 2 mg/l mg/l mg/l 960 18.6 16.40 87.13 2.29 3.3 2.46 0.182 1730 4.2 13.95 20.34 2.07 3.0 0.46 0.040 1450 0.9 0.15 1.80 0.12 3.2 0.82 0.053 1690 20.0 207.13 57.83 3.12 1.5 0.46 0.069 (%) 5 m COD T-N T-P 1945 1993 112
(1985) http://libl.nippon-foundation.or.jp/1999/0870/contents/htm 6-3 (1997) DIN DIP 35:93-97 (km 3 /month) (km 3 ) (month) (km 3 /month) (psu) 0.67 0.12 0.11 0.68 0.7 1.0 15.7 32.4 3.00 0.25 0.15 3.10 2.7 0.9 35.3 30.7 0.77 0.16 0.20 0.73 1.4 1.9 21.5 32.4 17,675 km 2 3.0km 3 /month 3.10km 3 /month 0.9 month (um) (month) 113
(10 6 umol/month) 489 5 26 298 78 92 38.0 1.2 296 10 45 236 15 10 14.4 1.4 269 7 10 188 54 24 13.7 1.9 (umol) (month) (10 6 umol/month) 17.3 0 1.0 7.98 8.4 1.50 1.3 14.5 0 2.6 11.0 0.9 0.831 1.5 11.9 0 0.6 9.1 2.2 0.803 2.2 38.0 Mol 13-14 Mol 10 x 10 6 Mol/month 5 x 10 6 Mol/month 78 x 10 6 Mol/month 15 x 10 6 Mol/month 1.50 Mol 0.8 Mol 92 x 10 6 Mol/month 24 x 10 6 Mol/month 10 x 10 6 Mol/month 8.4 x 10 6 Mol/month 2.2 x 10 6 Mol/month 0.9 x 10 6 Mol/month 114
(N) (P) N/P 16 (1997) DIN DIP 35:93-97 2002 14 COD (1997) 2001 13 2002 14 COD 8-5 9-2 8-5 3ppm (2.1ml/L) 2ppm (1.4ml/L) 1.0-2.0 ml/l 2.0-3.0 ml/l 3.0 ml/l 3ppm (2.1ml/L) 2ppm (1.4ml/L) 1993 5 2001 13 115
165-6-3 (1992) p.85-103 (A) (B) B/A COD COD DO2.0 ml/l DO3.0 ml/l (m 3 ) (ton/day) x 10-4 (ton/day/10 6 m 3 ) % % 42.2 x 10 9 439 256 27.3 104 60.5 6.46 50 68 61.2 x 10 9 487 241 32.3 80 39.3 5.28 0 29 40.0 x 10 9 168 56 5.4 42 13.9 1.35 74-116
5.38 x 10 9 53 20 2.9 99 36.9 5.43 39 80 2.0 ml/l 74% 3.0 ml/l 2.0 ml/l 50% 3.0 ml/l 68% 29% (2002) 49:97-104 9. 1993 1997 1999 11 1994 1997 2010 22 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) 117
(6) (7) (8) 1997 2005 17 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) 1996 2000 12 21 1993 2000 12 12 1994 21 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1) (2) (3) 118
9-2 9-1 1600 1890 1900 1965 40 1980 55 443.4ha 1966 41 2001 13 11 2002 14 14 12 (1) 1966 41 1966 1968 1973 1994 1996 1997 1999 119
2000 2001 1966 41 36 1997 2000 12 79.6ha 335.2ha 4.2ha 24.4ha 1999 11 (2) 10 2001 13 11 120
(1) (2) 36 121
200ha 2002 14 11 18 14 1997 2001 13 122
(1) 2002 14 1964 1990 1981 1991 1994 1996 1997 1998 123
1999 2000 1998 20 80 2000 2001 2002 2001 76 (2) 1981 56 1996 70ha 1994 1996 1993 117ha 50 1970 45 1984 59 1998 10 124
(3) 1998 10 1996 1996 1998 10 (1999) 125
(4) 2000 12 11 12 14 16km 100m 2000 12 11 1999 11 2000 12 2001 13 2002 14 126
(5) (1) (2) (3) 2002 14 NGO 127
2005 17 1997 (1) 2005 17 1982 1985 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 128
1996 1998 1999 2000 2005 1996-2000 21 123ha 1.1km 500ha 800ha 8000 40 60 30 70 1991 (1) (2) (3) 30km 200 3500 7000 1150 8150 129
1350 5000 600 1200 5000 1 520 m 3 (2) 39 13 2001 13 130
2000 12 (2002) 21 (3) 1998 10 1999 11 (1999) (1999) 8:349-357 131
(1997) 1.91km 2 3.94km 2 33 5.8km 2 10 400km 2 1.5 (1) (2) (3) (4) (1999) 8:349-357 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (5) 132
9,100km 2 (km 2 ) (km) ( m 3 /year) (m 3 /s) ( 2446m) 5,275 227 93 12,500 ( 1709m) 1,985 166 36 7,500 ( 1257m) 1,840 121 27 3,900 1980 55 (1) (2000) (1999) 1960 1961 1963 1968 133
1969 1971 1988 1992 1994 1995 1960 35 1959 34 1963 38 4,500m 3 /s 7,500m 3 /s 90 8,000m 3 /s 500 m 3 7,500m 3 /s (1969) (1) 4,500m 3 /s 7,500m 3 /s 3,000m 3 /s 30km 1,300 (2) (3) 1975 50 73 m 3 /s 22.5m 3 /s 22.5m 3 /s m 3 /s 1998 10 134
(2) 30 (KST) 22.5m 3 /s KST 1989 1991 1994 1988 63 NGO (1999) p.19-32 (1) (2) NGO (3) (4)NGO (5) (6) (7) 135
1994 8 9-2 1996 1996 21 15 1997 1997-2010 1999 11 2001 2002 1998 10 1998-2010 1994 1999-2004 (1996) 12 (1) 136
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 21 12 21 1995 21 1995 1998 10 21 1998 10 2000 12 2002 14 1993 1997 2000 12 137
28ha 15km 1959 34 1963 38 1972 47 14m 23 1992 1998 10 2002 14 5km 138
23 300 400 2010 22 1966 41 1992 1998 10 2000 12 2003 15 2010 22 500 139
2004 16 2010 22 500 2010 23 140
230 (ha) ( ) (m 3 /day) (km) (ha) 2,969 97,500 83,500 24.8 6.23 ( 7.01) 20 9-2 1997 (1) (2) (3) (4) 2000 12 141
1993 1995 ha ha 15m 80m 1996 1997 2000 12 200m (1) (2) (3) (1) (3) 9-2 (2) 7. 2001 13 COD 2004 16 COD(ton/day) (ton/day) 54 37 3.5 110 73 7.6 39 27 2.9 (ton/day) 142
102 58 6.1 76 27 4.1 25 52 3.8 203 137 14.0 (1) (2) (3) (4) 1999 11 22.9% 49.3% 60.0% 69% 98.8% 1.6% (1) (2) (3) (4) 143
5. (1) 1997 1995 2000 12 2010 22 1995 ( ) 544,897 29.6% 13.8%(54%) 2000 ( ) 917,400 49.3% 22.9%(60%) 2010 ( ) 1350,900 69.7% 1999 11 49.3% 2010 22 69.7% 50.5% 7.2% 0.8% 0.3% 58.8% 0.5% 10.4% 10.9% 50 50 1970 45 144
1997 2000 12 (ha)( ) (1000 m 3 /day) 13,342 281.0 51 (405.6) 11 63 7,424 160.6 62 (232.7) 8 2,969 83.5 (97.5) 3,557 98.0 56 (130.2) 5 6,380 132.5 1 (194.6) 10 4,143 117.0 10 (167.6) 37,815 872.6 (1228.2) 145
(1992) (m 3 /s) (km 2 ) 705.0 25.19 15.56 10.83 6.37 26.31 4956.0 295.58 172.22 120.32 81.42 282.61 1195.8 97.15 51.03 31.71 12.28 85.91 1914.0 130.57 73.81 48.23 33.25 129.51 262.6 10.44 5.17 2.45 0.36 11.62 304.2 13.27 7.45 4.91 3.04 15.21 388.9 18.53 10.04 6.29 3.65 21.59 780.0 35.99 16.36 9.27 4.70 46.17 10506.5 626.72 351.64 234.01 145.07 618.93 21.6km 3 64% 19.52km 3 (618.93m 3 /s) 90% 872,600m 3 /day (10.10m 3 /s) 146
A20 2010 22 COD 10mg/L 9mg/L 0.5mg/L 10 2010 22 COD COD (m3/day) (L/ /day) (ton/day) (ton/day) (ton/day) ( ) 281,000 692.8 28.1 25.3 1.41 ( ) 160,600 690.2 16.1 14.5 0.81 ( 83,500 856.4 8.4 7.6 0.42 ( 98,000 752.7 9.8 8.8 0.49 ( 132,500 680.9 13.3 12.0 0.66 ( 117,000 698.1 11.7 10.5 0.59 872,600 4371.1 87.4 78.7 4.38 (2) (1) (2) (3) 147
50 50 (2) 1995 2000 12 2010 22 3,120 6,881 12 13,876 22 1995 2000 12 3,761 752.2 2000 12 2010 22 10 6 995 699.5 (1) (2) (3) (4) 148
12 22 1,289 3,599 7,582 1,420 1,914 3,365 84 347 815 290 847 1,737 20 68 165 8 71 107 0 8 43 9 27 64 3,120 6,881 13,876 5-1 40% (2000 2000 12 12 17 1994 6 40 3,650 12,100 149
204 5171 51 8630 46 9090 22 7835 66.5 53.9 4.6 5.9 (3) (1) (2) (3) COD (A B C) (A B C) (I II III IV) 6-4 COD COD 1-6-9 1-6-15 1-6-16 COD C (8.0mg/L ) B (3.0mg/L ) A (2.0mg/L ) IV 1.0mg/L 0.09mg/L III 0.6mg/L 0.05mg/L II 0.3mg/L 0.03mg/L 150
COD 21.6 km 3 COD 34,417.662 ton/year = (94.295 ton/day) 15,054.833 ton/year = (41.246 ton/day) 545.752 ton/year = (1.495 ton/day) (mg/l) 151
km 2 m 3 /s COD 705.0 26.31??? 4956.0 282.61 2.1(1.3-2.6) 0.52(0.44-0.62) 0.028(0.019-0.054) 1914.0 129.51 1.7(1.3-2.3) 1.01(0.79-1.24) 0.039(0.027-0.051) 1195.8 85.28 1.2(0.8-1.6) 0.55(0.49-0.62) 0.018(0.009-0.024) 262.6 11.62 2.2(1.8-3.4) 5.03(3.77-7.07) 0.061(0.034-0.081) 304.2 15.21 2.6(2.0-4.7) 1.27(1.06-1.86) 0.032(0.016-0.047) 388.9 21.59 1.8(1.1-3.7) 1.17(0.86-2.41) 0.017(0.009-0.021) 780.0 46.17 1.0(0.6-1.4) 0.78(0.56-0.93) 0.011(0.006-0.012) 10506.5 618.93 12.6 10.33 0.206 (19.52 km 3 /year) 1998 10 2001 1992 (ton/year) m 3 /s COD 26.31 1,742.400 431.450 23.229 282.61 17,769.936 4,634.442 249.544 129.51 6,943.186 4,125.069 159.282 85.28 3,227.268 1,475.165 48.407 11.62 806.186 1,843.235 22.352 15.21 1,247.123 609.171 15.349 21.59 1,225.552 796.6089 11.574 46.17 1,456.017 1,135.693 16.014 10506.5 34,417.662 15,054.833 545.752 1991 COD 114,658.91 ton/year = (314.134 ton/day) 51,714.30 ton/year = (141.683 ton/day) 4,758.14 ton/year = (13.036 ton/day) 1999 11 COD 74095 ton/year = (203 ton/day) 48545 ton/year = (133 ton/day) 4891 ton/year = (13.4 ton/day) 152
(ton/day) (ton/day) (ton/day) (ton/day) (ton/day) COD 119.151 101.255 6.762 86.966 314.134 56.259 54.657 4.395 26.372 141.683 5.201 4.919 1.783 1.133 13.036 2010 22 70% 77% 1995 7 35% COD 90% 65-70% 90% 22 COD 31,901.0 ton/year = (87.4 ton/day) 28,725.5 ton/year = (78.7 ton/day) 1,598.7 ton/year = (4.38 ton/day) COD 16,620 ton/year = (45.53 ton/day) 14,950 ton/year = (40.96 ton/day) 830 ton/year = (2.27 ton/day) COD (m 3 /day) (ton/year) ( 1,450,600 5,290 4,760 260 2,355,000 8,600 7,740 430 746,700 2,730 2,450 140 4,552,300 16,620 14,950 830 2010 22 COD 118,200 ton = (3.00 mg/l x 39.4 km 3 ) 16,124 ton = (0.46 mg/l x 39.4 km 3 ) 1,576 ton = (0.04 mg/l x 39.4 km 3 ) COD 153
10 (ton/day) (ton/day) (ton/day) 11 22 (ton) COD 94.295 314.134 203 204.51 132.93 118,200 41.246 141.683 133 183.63 119.36 16,124 1.495 13.036 13.4 10.23 6.65 1,576 10 11 COD (1999) 8: 245-251 1993 154
COD 2010 22 8-5 8-6 2010 22 70% 77% 22 155
1968 43 1970 45 13 1983 58 926 9.19 m 3 /s 41.83m 3 /s 21.82m 3 /s 72.84m 3 /s 1961 36 55 7,500 m 3 35,500KW 24 120km 30m 3 /s 112km 1,000km 1982 57 1997 156
36 1986 61 2002 12 2000 12 34m 3 /s 1,600 m 3 4,400 m 3 60,000 m 3 ( 35,140 m 3 ) 3,100 m 3 32.4 m 3 /s 22.5 m 3/ s 2.86 m 3/ s 51.02 m 3 /s (2002) 1999 11 2000 12 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 157
(m 3 /s) (km 2 ) (m 3 /s) 4956.0 295.58 172.22 120.32 81.42 282.61 12,500 1914.0 130.57 73.81 48.23 33.25 129.51 7,500 1195.8 97.15 51.03 31.71 12.28 85.91 3,900 8065.8 523.30 297.06 200.26 126.95 498.03 23,900 95 185 275 355 102.84 m 3 /s 294.90m 3 /s 4-1 4-2 4-3 2002 14 13 158
(1) 55 90.7km 920km 2 1949 25 32 32 33 41 42 5,481ha 6,400 m 3 5,000 m 3 750 m 3 780km 2 466.51m 3 /s 19.42m 3 /s 11.09m 3 /s 5.39m 3 /s 2.18m 3 /s 18.02m 3 /s 18.64m 3 /s 100.0m 3 /s 0.131m 3 0.101m 3 /s 10.181m 3 /s 0.125m 3 /s 10.538m 3 /s 58%( 195% 483% 62% 17% 14% 159
(2) 1997 1998 10 21 1998 10 2010 22 1999 11 1999 11 2003 15 0.5 m 3 /s 3.0 m 3 2005 17 160
4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 2005 17 2003 15 2000 12 2000 12 1999 161
11 2001 13 2002 14 (1) (2) 1. (1) (2) 2. (3) (4) 162
(5) 21 9-1 9-3 163
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 7. COD 164
(1) (2) (3) 4-7 165
166 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (1) (6) 7. (2) 4-7 (3) 4. (5) 8-4 8-5
2002 14 168 2000 12 2001 13 167
168