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Web Google 2000 4 1 : 2000 4 23 : Perl 2000 4 26 : 2000 7 17 : TeX + perl 2001 5 27 : 2001 5 31 : 2002 1 17 : Web 2002 4 20 : Perl 2002 5 5 : google 1 2002 7 20 : 2003 4 28 : ( ) 2
2003 5 15 : ( ) 2003 10 27 : ( ) 2003 12 22 : ( ) 2004 12 10 : 2006 1 13 : 2006 4 10 : 2006 7 15 : 3
I 8 1 9 1.1...................................... 9 1.2 ( )....................... 11 1.3 ( ).......................... 11 1.4 ( )............................ 13 1.5................................ 14 2 17 2.1.................................... 18 2.1.1................................. 18 2.1.2................................... 19 2.1.3........................... 20 2.2.......................................... 22 2.2.1.............................. 22 2.2.2................................. 22 2.3...................................... 24 2.3.1............................. 24 2.3.2.................... 25 2.4................................ 28 2.4.1........................ 28 2.4.2.............................. 31 2.4.3......................... 33 2.5................................ 33 2.5.1.................. 33 2.5.2................. 38 2.6................................ 39 3 40 3.1.......................... 40 3.1.1 ( ).................... 40 3.1.2 ( ).................... 41 3.1.3 ( )....................... 42 3.1.4 ( )....................... 43 3.2 ( )............................. 44 3.3 ( )..................... 50 4
3.3.1...................................... 50 3.3.2...................................... 51 3.3.3................................. 52 3.4 ( )............................ 53 3.5.......................... 55 3.6..................................... 60 4 62 4.1................................. 62 4.2.................................. 65 4.3.............................. 67 4.3.1...................... 67 4.3.2......................... 69 4.3.3.................................. 69 4.4....................... 70 4.5 ( ).......................... 73 4.6..................................... 75 5 79 5.1..................................... 79 5.2....................................... 80 5.3................. 80 5.3.1.............................. 80 5.3.2................................... 86 5.3.3..................... 87 5.3.4................................... 90 5.4................ 90 5.5................. 93 5.5.1................................... 94 5.5.2................. 98 6 103 6.1...................................... 103 6.2............................... 105 6.3................................ 107 6.4.................................. 108 6.5 (DCF)............................ 110 6.6....................................... 111 II 112 7 113 7.1......................................... 113 7.2..................................... 114 5
7.3....................................... 114 8 117 8.1.......................... 117 8.2.................. 118 8.3.................................... 119 8.4...................................... 122 8.5....................... 125 8.6................................ 129 9 139 9.1.................................. 139 9.2.................................... 141 9.3........................... 147 9.4.............................. 149 10 155 10.1......................................... 155 10.2...................................... 157 10.3!...................................... 162 11 164 11.1...................................... 164 11.1.1 ( )................................ 164 11.1.2 ( )................................ 165 11.2.................................... 165 11.3.................................... 166 11.3.1...................................... 166 11.3.2..................................... 167 11.3.3...................................... 168 12 169 12.1................................ 169 12.2...................................... 170 12.3.................................. 171 12.4.................................. 174 12.5..................................... 175 12.6............................ 176 12.7..................................... 177 12.8.................................... 181 13 182 13.1 Excel.................................... 182 13.2 Perl..................................... 184 13.3 Emacs Lisp............................. 189 6
14 193 14.1 Web................................ 193 7
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1 (cashbook) (cash) 1.1 (cashbook) (property) (bookkeeping) (assets) (liability) (debt) (accounting) (net assets) (beginning of period, initial(adj.)) 10,000 5,000 5, 000 = 10, 000 5, 000 9
10000 5000 * 5000 1.1: ( ) (remainder style) (doubleentry bookkeeping) 10000 5000 * 5000 1.2: ( ) (account style) (debit) (credit) (principle of balance) (balance) * (balance sheet, B/S) (initial balance sheet, initial B/S) : (credit) (debit) 10
1.2 ( ) (double entry) 10000 1.3 10000 10000...... 1.3: T T (T accounts) T T (debit) (credit) T T (principle of balance) (principle of balance) / (average) 1.3 ( ) 500 1.4 (nominal accounts) 11
500! 500...... 1.4:! (real accounts)!! 1.5! 300 300...... 1.5: (income,revenue) (expenses,costs)!!!!! 1.6 12
! 50 50 50 50...... 1.6: 1.4 ( ) (negative property) (positive property) (assets) (liability) 15000 1.7 5000 5000...... 1.7: 1.8 5000! 5000...... 1.8:!! 13
1.4 ( ) T 2 1 0 T 1.5 (during period, interim(adj.)) (accounting) (double-entry bookkeeping) (journal) 5000 5000 10000 10000 500! 500! 300 300 14
10000 5000 * 5000 5000 5000 10000 10000 500! 500! 300 300 1.9: (trial balance, T/B)! 300! 500 5500 10000 15500 9700 * 5000 15500 1.10:!!! -! =500-300=200 (current profit, current income)! 300! 500 500!* 200 500 1.11:!* 15
5500 10000 15200 9700 * 5200 15200 1.12: +! + ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 16
2 (stock) (flow) + = (current period, current(adj.)) (beginning of period, initial(adj.)) (end of period, final(adj.)) (preceding period) (next period) ( ) ( ) (balance sheet, B/S) (journal) (net assets) * * 2006 4 (capital) BS (BS title) PL (PL title) (financial statements) 17
2.1 2.1.1 (business) (establishment) (debt) (capital) ( ) (stock holder) (stock) (capital stock) (stock certificate) (investment) (cash) (deposit) (equipments) (positive property) (assets) (negative property) (liability) (net property) (net assets) = - 18
(gross assets) (capital) 2006 3 2.1.2 (profit, gain) (current profit, current income) (surplus) ( ) : (outsider funds) (insider funds) (investment funds, IF) (bussiness assets, BA) (increase of capital)! 19
(reduction of capital)! : (stock prices) (stock holder) 2.1.3 2000 1000 800 1900 300 2.1 2000! 2000 1000 1000 800 800 1900 1900 2.1: (initial balance sheet, initial B/S) 2.2 (balance sheet, B/S) 20
3000 1000 ( ) (300) ( ) (1000) ( ) (1900) * 2000 3000 ( ) (800) (* ) (2000) 3000 2.2: - = *! * * ( ) [ ] { } (initial balance sheet, initial B/S) 2.3 1000 3000 * 2000 2.3: 21
2.2 (during period, interim(adj.)) 2.2.1 (transaction) (journalization) (journal) (date) (outline) (client) (remainder) (account title)!! : (transfer slip) ( ) (income slip) (expenditure slip) 2.2.2 2.4 22
1 1/5 400 400 700 1500 1/6! 4 4 696 1/9! 600 600 96 1/11 720! 720 816 1/12! 600 600 216 1/13! 1260 1260 1) 1/13! 90 90 126 1/19 2352! 2352 2) 1/22! 140 140 1360 1/25 200 200 1560 1/25! 20 20 1540 1/26! 10 10 116 1/30! 20 20 1520 1/31 2000! 2000 2116 2) 1/31! 1000 1000 1116 1) 1/31 1000 1000 116 2520 2.4: 1 400 2 4 (nominal accounts) (expenses,costs)! (nominal accounts) (income,revenue) 3 4 9 600 11 720 120!! 720 600 120 1) 23
(accrued transaction) 2 2) 3 2.3 2.3.1 (settlement of accounts) 1 2.5 (trial balance of flow)! 2200! 2720! 140! 124! 20-184 200 2920 620 2920 2.5: ( ) 24
!!! 2484! 2720 436 200 2.6: 2.6 (cashflow statement, CFS) 2.3.2 1.3 (trial balance of nominal flow) (trial balance of real flow) (complete)! + 2.6!!!!!! (profit, gain) (loss) (loss) (current loss) = - = - (current profit, current income) (current loss) 25
! =!! 236 = 2720 2484 (2.1)! (integral) 2.7!!*!!* (coupled term)!!* 236! ( - ) 236 2.7: (balance) * (remainder)!!! 2.8!! 2484! 236 (! ) (2200) (! ) (2720) (! ) 140 (! ) 124 (! ) 20 2720!* 236 2720 2.8:!*!!!!* 26
!* : remainder 2.7! balance balance 2.6!* * * - *!* - (net assets) = + ( * ) 2.9 436 200 ( ) (-184) ( ) (200) ( ) (620) * 236 436 (* ) (236) 436 2.9: :!* 236 * 236 27
2.6 2.10! 2484! 2720 436 * 236!* 236 200! 2.10: 2.4 2.4.1 + (profit loss statement, P/L, income statement) (balance sheet, B/S) +! +!! + 2.11 28
!! 2484! 2720 (! ) (2464) (! ) (2720) [! ] [2200] [! ] [2720] [! ] [140] [! ] [124] (! ) (20) (! ) (0) [! ] [20] 2720!* 236 2720 3436 1200 ( ) (116) ( ) (1200) ( ) (2520) * 2236 ( ) (800) (* ) (2000) 3436 (* ) (236) 3436 2.11: ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] { } (ordinary income) (special profit) (operating income) (non-operating income) (ordinary expenses) (special loss) (operating expenses) (non-operating expenses) * 1 (complete)!* * 2.12 29
! 2484! 2720 * 236 * 2236!* 236! 3436 1200 2.12: (current loss)!* * : *!* : (bankruptcy with black balance) 30
2.4.2 (remainder style) (account style) (parallel style) 2.13 (serial style) 1/5 400 700 1500 1/6! 4 696 1/9! 600 96............... 2.13:! 2.14! 2720! 2200! 140! 124! 20-184 620 2920 200 2920 2.14: (remainder style) (remainder) 2.15 31
!!! (! ) (2720)! 2720 2720 (! ) (2200) (! ) (140) (! ) (124)! 2464!* 256! 0 (! ) (20)! 20!* 236! 0! 0!* 236 2.15: (report style) (remainder style) 2.16!! (! ) (2720) 2720! (! ) (2200) (! ) (140) (! ) (124) 2464!* 256! 0 0! (! ) (20) 20!* 236! 0 0! 0 0!* 236 2.16: 32
2.4.3 (account title) 2.5 2.5.1 (ledger) (cash ledger) (general ledger) 33
: (principal book) (subsidiary book) (financial statement)!!! 2.4 2! 2.17!...... 1/6 4.........!...... 1/6! 4......... 2.17:!! 2.18 34
...... 1/6 4.........!...... 1/6 4......... 2.18: ( ) (stock) (transfer from preceding period) (initial balance sheet, initial B/S) (flow) 2.19 + remainder 0 * * 35
2.19: 1/1 300 300 1/5 400 700 1/6 4 696 1/9 600 96 1/11 720 816 1/12 600 216 1/13 90 126 1/26 10 116 1/31 2000 2116 1/31 1000 1116 1/31 1000 116 1/31 * 116 0 1/1 1900 1900 1/5 400 1500 1/22 140 1360 1/25 200 1560 1/25 20 1540 1/30 20 1520 1/31 1000 2520 1/31 * 2520 0 1/1 800 800 1/31 * 800 0 1/1 1000 1000 1/25 200 1200 1/31 * 1200 0 36
* 1/1 * 2000 2000 1/31 2000 0! 1/11! 720 720 1/31! 2000 2720 1/31!* 2720 0! 1/9! 600 600 1/12! 600 1200 1/31! 1000 2200 1/31!* 2200 0! 1/22! 140 140 1/31!* 140 0! 1/6! 4 4 1/13! 90 94 1/26! 10 104 1/30! 20 124 1/31!* 124 0! 1/25! 20 20 1/31!* 20 0 (final balance) 2.19 (total within period) 37
2.5.2 (trial balance, T/B) 2.20! 2200! 2720! 140! 124! 20 116 1200 2520 * 2000 5920 800 5920 2.20: : * 116 * 116 *!* *! + 2.21!* * 38
! *! 2484! 2720! 2484! 2720 436 200 3436 * 3200 ( ) 3000 * 3000 2.21: + 2.6 ( ) 39
3 (cash basis accounting) (accrual basis accounting) 3.1 (accrual, accrued(adj.)) (settlement) (accrued buy) (accrued sell) ( ) ( ) (delayed settlement) ( ) ( ) (advanced settlement) (accrued transaction) (accrued account item) : : 3.1.1 ( ) ( ) (credit) 40
(accounts receivable): (accrued income): (accrued income) (accounts receivable): (accounts receivable) 3.1 2)! 1/19 2352! 2352 2)......... 1/31 2000 2000 2) ( ) 3.1: 19 31 3.2 2352! 2352......... 2000! 2000 ( )! 2000 2000 3.2:! 3.1.2 ( ) (debit) 41
(accounts payable): (accrued expenses): (accounts payable): 3.3 1) 2! 1/13! 1260 1260 1)......... 1/31 1000 1000 1) ( ) 3.3: 13 31 3.4!! 1260 1260.........! 1000 1000 ( ) 1000! 1000 3.4: 3.1.3 ( ) (debit) (income in advance): (receipt in advance): (temporary income): 42
(temporary receipt): (receipt in trust): 3.5 x x......... x! x 3.5: 3.6 x! x ( )! x x......... ( ) x! x 3.6: 3.1.4 ( ) (credit) (advance payment): (expenses in advance): (payment in advance): (temporary expenses): (temporary advance): (payment in advance): 3.7 x x.........! x x 3.7: 43
3.8! x x ( ) x! x.........! x x 3.8: (!! ) : (debit) ( ) (credit) ( ) ( ) 3.2 ( ) (inventory assets)!! 3.9 1 1 44
@ ( ) 1/9 60@10! 600 600 60 1/11-60@12 720! 720 0 1/12 60@10! 600 600 60 1/13 140@9! 1260 1260 200 1/19-196@12 2352! 2352 4 1/31-2@9 2 3.9: = (final buying price method) (number) (unit price) 3.10 (inventory table) 45
1/9 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/11 60 10 600 0 10 0 1/12 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/13 60 9 540 60 10 600 140 9 1260 200 9 1800 1/19 196 9 1764 4 9 36 1/31 2 9 18 2 9 18 1/31 2 9 18 0 9 0 3.10: 13 13 13 13 1800 600 13 9 140 = 1260!! ( )!!!!!!!! 3.11 46
1/9! 600 600 600! 600 1/11 720! 720! 600 600 1/12! 600 600 600! 600 1/13! 600 600 540! 540! 1260 1260 1260! 1260 1/19 2352! 2352! 1764 1764 1/31! 18 18 3.11:! 3.12!! ( ) 1/31 18! 18 3.12:! 3.9 18!! (stocktaking) 3.13 1/9! 600 600 1/11 720! 720 1/12! 600 600 1/13! 1260 1260 1/19 2352! 2352 1/31 18! 18 3.13: 3.11 47
!!!!!!!!! =! -! (final buying price method): = = 9 = = 18 (individual price method): ID POS(point of sales system) = = 10 (or 9) = 18 20 (FIFO method): 3.14 1/9 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/11 60 10 600 0 10 0 1/12 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/13 140 9 1260 60 10 600 140 9 1260 1/19 60 10 600 136 9 1224 4 9 36 1/31 2 9 18 2 9 18 1/31 2 9 18 0 9 0 3.14: 12 10 13 9 19 10 9 48
31 9 = = 9 2 = 18 (LIFO method): 9 10 = = 10 2 = 20 (moving averaging method): FIFO 3.15 1/9 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/11 60 10 600 0 10 0 1/12 60 10 600 60 10 600 1/13 140 9 1260 200 9.3 1860 1/19 196 9.3 1822.8 4 9.3 37.2 1/31 2 9.3 18.6 2 9.3 18.6 1/31 2 9.3 18.6 0 9.3 0 3.15: 13 9 10 60 9 140 9.3 FIFO = = (10 60 + 9 140)/200 = 9.3 = = 18.6 (simple averaging method): 9 9 10 9.33 = / = (9 + 9 + 10)/3 = 9.33 = = 18.67 (accumulated averaging method): = = (10 60 + 9 70)/130 = 9.46 = = 18.92 (sales price refund method): 49
= ( + )/( + ) = = 24 2460/(24 + 3072) = 19.07 : IC IC 3.3 ( ) 3.3.1 (fixed assets) (depreciation) : (straight line method) 10%! (depreciation expenses) 800 5 = 800 0.9/5 = 144 3.16 50
800 800 1! 144 144 656 2! 144 144 512 3! 144 144 368 4! 144 144 224 5! 144 144 80 100 80! 20 0 3.16:!! 1 ( 1 1 ) 2 3.17 1/31! 144 144 3.17:! ( ) (direct method) 3.3.2 (indirect method) (accumulated depreciation) 3.18 ( )!! 1/31! 144 144 3.18: ( ) 3.19 51
720 800 100! 20 3.19: / 3.20 (less-accumulated depreciation)!!!! 1/31! 144 144 3.20:! 3.3.3 (straight line method): = ( )/ (declining balance method): = ( / ) ( / ) ( / ) (1/ ) (< 1) = / = 1 ( / ) (1/ ) 10% 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 0.1 1/5 = 0.631 0.1 2/5 = 0.398 0.1 3/5 = 0.251 0.158 0.1 1 0.631 = 0.369 3.21 52
800 800 1! 295.2 295.2 504.8 2! 186.4 186.4 318.4 3! 117.6 117.6 200.8 4! 74.4 74.4 126.4 5! 46.4 46.4 80 50 144 30! 30 0 3.21: (progression method): = ( )/ (yield proportional method): (replacement method): 50% (quantity loss rate) : ( ) 1500 20% 5 0.369 6/12 = 1500 0.369 (6/12) = 277 80% 222 20% 55 3.22! 222 222 55 55 277 3.22: 3.4 ( ) (reserve) (reserves) (less-accumulated depreciation) (irrecoverable debt reserves) 53
: 3.23! x x...... x x 3.23: (retirement supply reserves) (director s remuneration) * : 3.24 40%! x x...... x x 3.24: : 54
3.5 3.25 1/13! 1260 1260 1) 1/19 2352! 2352 2) 1/31 2000 2000 2) ( ) 1/31 1000 1000 1) ( ) 3.25: 3.26 1/31 18! 18 2@9 1/31! 144 144 3.26: (trial balance of flow) 3.27 55
! 2460! 3072! 140! 18! 124! 144! 20-184 260 620 200 352 18 3550-144 3550 3.27: 3.28! 2460! 3072! 140! 18! 124! 144! 20 3090!* 202 3090-184 260 620 200 352 18 662-144 * 202 662 3.28: (profit loss statement, P/L, income statement) (balance sheet, B/S) 3.29 56
!! 2888! 3090 (! ) (2868) (! ) (3090) [! ] [2460] [! ] [3072] [! ] [140] [! ] [18] [! ] [124] [! ] [144] (! ) (20) (! ) (0) [! ] [20] 3090!* 202 3090 3662 1460 ( ) (116) ( ) (260) ( ) (2520) ( ) (1200) ( ) (352) ( ) (18) * 2202 ( ) (800) (* ) (2000) 3662 ( ) (-144) (* ) (202) 3662 3.29: (general ledger) 3.30 57
1/1 0 0 1/19 2352 2352 1/31 2000 352 1/31 * 352 0 1/1 0 0 1/31 18 18 1/31 * 18 0 1/1 0 0 1/31 144 144 1/31 * -144 0 1/1 0 0 1/13 1260 1260 1/31 1000 260 1/31 * 260 0 3.30: 58
! 1/11! 720 720 1/19! 2352 3072 1/31!* 3072 0! 1/31! 18 18 1/31!* 18 0! 1/9! 600 600 1/12! 600 1200 1/13! 1260 2460 1/31!* 2460 0! 1/31! 144 144 1/31!* 144 0 (trial balance, T/B) 3.31! 2460! 3072! 140! 18! 124! 144! 20 116 260 2520 1200 352 18 800 * 2000 6550-144 6550 3.31: 59
3.6 (account title)!! ( ) (! ) [! ]!! [! ]:!!! (! ):!!! ( ) (! ) [! ]!!!! :!!!!!!!!!!! [! ]:!!!! (! ):!!!!!!!* ( )!* / ( )!* / ( )!* / ( )!* /!* / ( ) ( ): ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ): ( ) ( ): ( ) ( ): ( ): * ( ) ( * ) [ * ]: * * [ * ] 60
[ * ]: * [ * ]: * * * * ( ) [ * ] [ * ] ( * ) ( * ) ( * ) ( * ): * / ( ) * / ( ) * / ( ) 61
4 6 1 12 3 1 (dividends) (settlement of accounts) 4.1 (settlement of accounts) ( ) (initial balance sheet, initial B/S) 4.1 (corporate tax) (dividends) * * * (retained profit) 3000 1730 ( ) (180) ( ) (1000) ( ) (1120) ( ) (50) ( ) (800) ( ) (130) ( ) (100) ( ) (50) ( ) (800) ( ) (500) * 1270 (* ) (1000) 3000 (* ) (270) 3000 4.1: 62
50 50 130 130 50 50 1100 1100 1275 1275 30! 30! 470 470! 1205 1205 1910! 1910 1190! 1190 1120 1120 50 50 25 25 50 50 * 30 * 30! 420 420! 20 20 100 200 100 125! 125! 40 40! 10 10 4.2: (journal) 4.2 3 ( )!!! (director s remuneration) 63
! 1550! 3100! 420! 30! 10! 40! 20 270 105 480 50-85 -130 50-50 125 10 25-50 160 * -30 3065 * 30 3065 4.3: 4.3 (trial balance of flow) 4.4 (income before tax,gross income)!* * (corporate tax) (municipal tax) (business tax) 64
!! 2040! 3130 (! ) (2020) (! ) (3100) [! ] [1550] [! ] [3100] [! ] [420] [! ] [10] [! ] [40] (! ) (20) (! ) (30) [! ] [20] [! ] [30] 3130!* 1090 3130 4025 1665 ( ) (450) ( ) (1105) ( ) (1600) ( ) (100) ( ) (715) ( ) (10) ( ) (50) ( ) (450) ( ) (125) * 2360 ( ) (125) (* ) (1000) ( ) (960) (* ) (30) (* ) (270) (* ) (-30) 4025 (* ) (1090) 4025 4.4: 4.2 4.4 40% 4.5 *! 1090! 1090 1090! 436 436 654 4.5: (net income) 65
(current profit, current income) 4.6!! 2040! 3130 (! ) (2020) (! ) (3100) [! ] [1550] [! ] [3100] [! ] [420] [! ] [10] [! ] [40] (! ) (20) (! ) (30) [! ] [20] [! ] [30] 3130!* 1090 3130! 436! 1090 1090!* 654 1090 4025 2101 ( ) (450) ( ) (1105) ( ) (1600) ( ) (100) ( ) (715) ( ) (436) ( ) (50) ( ) (10) ( ) (125) ( ) (450) ( ) (125) * 1924 ( ) (960) (* ) (1000) (* ) (30) (* ) (270) (* ) (-30) 4025 (* ) (654) 4025 4.6:!!*!!*! 66
!* * 4.4 ( )!! 4.3 4.3.1 (interim dividends)! (! ) 4.7...... 50 50 * 30 * 30...... 4.7: 67
(profit reserves) (reserve fund) (deposit) (reserve fund designated by law) *!* (surplus) (inventory assets) (accumulated depreciation) (equipments) (reserves) : : * * *!...!* *...!!... * * 68
4.3.2 2006 1!!!!......! 10 10...... 4.8: 4.3.3 4.9! 654! 654 654! 50 50 604!* 30 * 30 574 4.9: (unsettled profit) + + (general meeting of stockholders) (retained profit) 1 69
4.10 * 270!* 270 4.10: : 4.4 4.11 0 270 70
! 1550! 3100! 420! 10! 40! 20! 30 3130!* 1090 3130! 436! 1090 1090!* 654 1090! 50! 654!* 30!* 270 924!* 844 924 270 105 480 50-85 306 125-50 25 10 160-50 * 30 * -270 975 * 844 975 4.11: 4.12 71
!! 2040! 3130 (! ) (2020) (! ) (3100) [! ] [1550] [! ] [3100] [! ] [420] [! ] [10] [! ] [40] (! ) (20) (! ) (30) [! ] [20] [! ] [30] 3130!* 1090 3130! 436! 1090 1090!* 654 1090! 50! 654!* 30!* 270 924!* 844 924 3975 2101 ( ) (450) ( ) (1105) ( ) (1600) ( ) (100) ( ) (715) ( ) (436) ( ) (125) ( ) (10) ( ) (125) ( ) (450) ( ) (960) * 1874 (* ) (1000) (* ) (30) 3975 (* ) (844) 3975 4.12: 4.13 72
!! (! ) (3100) 3100! (! ) (1550) (! ) (420) (! ) (10) (! ) (40) 2020!* 1080! (! ) (30) 30! (! ) (20) 20!* 1090! 436 436!* 654!* 270 270! 50!* 30 80!* 844 4.13: 4.5 ( ) (general meeting of stockholders) (final profit settlement) (final dividends) (director s remuneration) (profit reserves) 2006 73
4.14!* 844! 844 844 * 30!* 30 874! 50 50 824!* 85 * 85 739!* 739 * 739 0 4.14: (reserve fund designated by law) (capital reserve fund) (profit reserves) 1/4 1/10 (internal reserves) (external reserves) 4.15 50 50 10 10 4.15: ( ) (earned surplus statement) (final profit settlement) 4.16 74
! 844!* 30 874! 50!* 85 135!* 739 4.16: (loss treatment) 4.17 2 (untreated loss) (retained loss)!* -95! -95-95 * 30!* 30-45!* -45 * -45 0 4.17: 4.6 ( ) 4.18 4.19 75
! 1550! 3100! 420! 10! 40! 20! 30 3130!* 1090 3130! 436! 1090 1090!* 654 1090! 100! 654!* 115!* 30 954!* 739!* 270 954 270 105 480 50-85 306 125 0 25 10 160-50 * 85 975 * 469 975 4.18: 76
!! 2040! 3130 (! ) (2020) (! ) (3100) [! ] [1550] [! ] [3100] [! ] [420] [! ] [10] [! ] [40] (! ) (20) (! ) (30) [! ] [20] [! ] [30] 3130!* 1090 3130! 436! 1090 1090!* 654 1090! 100! 654!* 115!* 30 954!* 739!* 270 954 3975 2151 ( ) (450) ( ) (1105) ( ) (1600) ( ) (100) ( ) (715) ( ) (436) ( ) (125) ( ) (50) ( ) (125) ( ) (10) ( ) (960) ( ) (450) * 1824 (* ) (1000) (* ) (85) 3975 (* ) (739) 3975 4.19: : 77
: 78
5 (bankruptcy with black balance) (cashflow, C/F) (cashflow statement, CFS) 5.1 (cash equivalents) 3 (cash) (fund) (direct method) (indirect method) ( ) (receipt) (payment)!!! (cash-in)! (cash-out) 79
5.2 (fund cycle) 1. (fund-raise) 2. (capital-payment) 3. 4....... 5.3 ( ) 5.3.1 (general flow statement) 80
( )!! 4 5.1! 1205 1205 5.1:! ( )!! 5.2 1275 1275 5.2:!!! 5.3! 3! 1275 1275 1275! 1275 5.3: 1! 2!!!!!!!! 81
(net amount representation) (gross amount representation) 5.4 82
! 50 50 50! 50! 130 130 130! 130! 50 50 50! 50! 1100 1100 1100! 1100! 1275 1275 1275! 1275 30! 30! 470 470! 1205 1205 1910! 1910 1190! 1190! 1120 1120 1120! 1120! 50 50 50! 50! 25 25 25! 25! 50 50 50! 50!* 30 * 30 * 30!* 30! 420 420! 20 20! 100 100! 100 100 200! 200 125! 125! 40 40! 10 10 5.4: 83
( )! 436 436! 50 50!* 30 * 30 * 270!* 270 * 30!* 30! 50 50!* 85 * 85!* 739 * 739 5.5 (general flow statement) 84
! 1570! 3185! 1120! 50! 25! 100! 50 3185 270 3185! 420! 1120! 20! 30! 130! 50! 50 1150 480 1150! 85 0-85 0 125 125! 125 125 25 25! 25 25! 40! 200 200 160 200 105! 105 105 105! 100! 50 100 50 100 306! 306 306 306 0! 0 0 0 10! 10 10 10! 50 0-50 0!* 115!* 30 115 * 85 115!* 739!* 270 739 * 469 739 5.5: (cashflow statement, CFS) 85
5.3.2 (statement of fund receipts and disbursement) 5.6... c! c! c!* C/F c! c! c!* C/F c! c! c! c! c!* C/F c! C/F c! c! 5.6: c! C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F 86
5.3.3 (cash) (direct method) (non-cashflow statement, NCFS) c n c n! c n c n C/F(C/F provided by operations, CFO) C/F(C/F used in investment activities, CFI) C/F(C/F used in financing, CFF) 5.7 ( ) [ ] 87
( ) c! c! c! c! c! c! c!* c! (c! ) (c! ) c! (c! ) c! c! c!* C/F (CFO) c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! [c! ] c!* C/F (CFI) [c! ] c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! c! [c! ] c!* C/F (CFF) c! C/F (CFO) c! C/F (CFI) c! C/F (CFF) c!!! ( ) 5.7: ( ) 5.8 c n 88
( ) c! 1570 c! 3185 c! 420 c! 50 3185 c!* 1145 3185 c! 20 c! 1145 c! 130 c! 30 1175 c!* C/F (CFO) 1025 1175 c! 25 125 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFI) 125 125 c! 50 150 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFF) 150 150 -c! C/F (CFI) 125 c! C/F (CFO) 1025 -c! C/F (CFF) 150 270 1025 480 1025 ( ) n! 20 125 125 105 125 n! 85 0-85 0 n! 50 n! 40 n! 100 200 160 50 200 306 n! 306 306 306 25 25 n! 25 25 n! 50 0-50 0 0 n! 0 0 0 10 n! 10 10 10 n!* 115 n!* 30 115 * 85 115 n!* 739 n!* 270 739 * 469 739 5.8: / 89
5.3.4 (statement of funds balance) 1999 5.9 c! c! c! c! c! c!* C/F c! c! c! c! c! c!* C/F c! C/F c! C/F * 5.9: C/F C/F C/F C/F C/F 5.4 (statement of funds flow) ( ) 90
!! ( )! 5.10 x! x y! y z z 5.10:! 5.11 x c! x y n! y n! z z z c! z 5.11:! n!! n! y z x + y c! x + z c!! c!* 5.11 c!* c! x + z n! c!! 5.12 y z! x + y c!* x + z 5.12: c!!! c!* c! 5.13 3! 91
( ) ( ) c! 1570 c! 3185 c! 420 c! 50 3185 c!* 1145 3185 c! 20 c! 1145 c! 130 c! 30 1175 c!* C/F (CFO) 1025 1175 c! 25 125 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFI) 125 125 c! 50 150 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFF) 150 150 -c! C/F (CFI) 125 c! C/F (CFO) 1025 -c! C/F (CFF) 150 270 1025 480 1025 5.13: / 92
( )! 1550 105 1675 125 c!* 1570 1675-85! 3100 3100 c!* 3185 3100! 420 c!* 420! 20 c!* 20 c!* 30! 30! 436 306 436 c!* 130 436 25 c!* 25! 40 50 160 c!* 50 200 c!* 100 200-50 0 c!* 50 0! 100 0 100 c!* 100 100! 10 10!* 30 115!* 115 * 85 115!* 270 739!* 739 * 469 739!!! c!* c!* c!*! c! n! 5.5 (statement of application of fund) 93
(statement of change of financial position) ( ) ( ) 5.5.1 ( (settlement cost) ) 5.14 94
( )! 436! 1090! 100!* 115!* 30 1390!* 739!* 270 1390 270 105 480 50-85 306 125 0 25 10 160-50 * 85 975 * 469 975 ( )! 1550! 3100! 420! 10! 20! 30! 40 3130!* 1090 3130 5.14: / (non-cashe P/L)!!! ( )! ( )! ( )!! ( )!!! 95
: - (working capital) - 1. (fund-raise) 2. (capital-payment) 3. (settlement cost) 4. 5.15 96
! 100! 1090! 436!* 40 1080 * 544 ( ) -50 1080 25 225 200 * 225 225-85 105 125 50 306 0 10 40 * -431 40 225 544-431 270 544 480 544-40 0! 40 0!* 30 115!* 115 * 85 115!* 270 739!* 739 * 469 739 ( )! 1550! 3100! 420! 10! 40! 20! 30 3130!* 1090 3130 5.15: 97
5.5.2 C/F (indirect method) (cashflow statement, CFS) C/F 1. ( ) 2. ( ) 3. ( ) c!* ( ) 4. ( )!!* c!* c! *!!!! c! 5. c!! C/F C/F ( ) 5.16 98
( )!!*!*!*!*!* ( )!*!*!! c!* ( ) ( ) 5.16: 5.17 99
( )! 1090!* 40!* 30!* 20-85 105 125 ( ) -50 1215 c!* 1145 10 1215 c! 20 c! 1145 c! 130 c! 30 1175 c!* C/F (CFO) 1025 1175 c! 25 125 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFI) 125 125 c! 50 150 c! 100 -c!* C/F (CFF) 150 150 -c! C/F (CFI) 125 c! C/F (CFO) 1025 -c! C/F (CFF) 150 270 1025 480 1025 5.17: 100
( )! 20 c!* 20 c!* 30! 30! 436 306 436 c!* 130 436 25 c!* 25! 40 ( ) 100 200 160 c!* 100 200-50 0 c!* 50 0! 100 0 100 c!* 100 100!* 30 115!* 115 * 85 115!* 270 739!* 739 * 469 739 ( )! 1550! 3100! 420! 10! 20! 30! 40 3130!* 1090 3130 101
5.18 ( ) I.! 1090!* 40!* -30!* 20 85-125 105 ( ) -50 10 c!* 1145 c! 30 c! -20 c! -130 c!* C/F (CFO) 1025 II. c! -25 c! -100 c!* C/F (CFI) -125 III. c! -50 c! -100 * C/F (CFF) -150 IV. 750 V. 1300 VI. 2050 5.18: ( ) 102
6 (stability) (profitability) DCF 6.1 (stability) 6.1 (liability ratio) = / < 100% (equity ratio) = / 30% 50% 6.1: 30% 70% / / 6.2 103
< ( ) > ( ) > ( ) ( + )/ 40% / 1.9 6.2: 6.3 104
(solid asset ratio) = / 100% = /( + ) 100% = / 70% (liquid asset ratio) = / ( ) ( ) 100% 150% = + + etc. (6.1) = + (6.2) = / (6.3) 100% =( + )/ + > 6.3: 6.2 (profitability) 105
6.4 / / (revolution rate on assets) = / (revolution rate on handy liquid assets) = / (revolution rate on non handy liquid assets) = / 3 (revolution rate on credit sold) = / (revolution rate on inventory assets) = / 1.6 (revolution rate on tangible fixed assets) = / (revolution rate on investment) = / 6.4: (P/L cross point) = + = + = + (6.4) / 1 106
1 1 (P/L cross point) = = /(1 ) (6.5) = / (6.6) 1 / = /( ) (6.7) (marginal profit) +!! (! -! )! ( )!! = /( ) = /( + ) = 1/(1 + / ) (6.8) 1 90% 50% 6.3 107
6.5 (rate of return on sales) = / (rate of return on capital) = / =( / ) ( / )= (instant coverage ratio) = /( ) 1 (return on investment, ROI) = / + (rate of return on asset, ROA) = / (rate of return on equity, ROE) = / ( ) (financial leverage) 200 800 6% ROA ROE (condition dependence) 800 6% = 48 ROA ROE 100 48 52 10% 26% 60 48 12 6% 6% 40 48-8 4% -4% ROA ROE 6.5: 6.4 108
6.6 = / (cashflow ratio, CFR) = / 6.6: 6.7 = / (cashflow margin) = / = ROE 6.7: C/F (free cashflow, FCF) FCF FCF C/F (cashflow, C/F) FCF FCF C/F ( ) C/F ( ) FCF FCF FCF FCF 109
FCF FCF FCF FCF (cashflow ratio, CFR)=FCF/ ( ) 6.5 (DCF) (discounted cashflow, DCF) (future value, FV) (net present value, NPV) ( (present value, PV) ) n n ( - ) = n /(1 + ) n n n n n/(1 + ) n (yields of long-term government bonds) (discount rate) n n/(1 + ) n = 0 (internal rate of return, IRR) (rate of return on investment)= / (investment payback period)= / ROE ROI / 110
6.6 6.8 (price earnings ratio, PER) = / (price book value ratio, PBR) = / (PCFR, price cashflow ratio) = / + = ( )/ + 6.8: 111
II
7 21... 7.1 (aquition cost accounting) (current value) 1990 (current value accounting) (impairment accounting) 113
x x......! y y 7.2 40% (present value, PV) DCF (future value, FV) = (1 + ) (7.1) 7.3! 500 40%! 200! 200! 500 + 200 280! 280! 500!* 220 114
! 600 40%! 280! 200! 600 200 160! 160! 600!* 440 (accounting for income taxes)! 500 0.4 = 200 280 80! 80! 80 (deffered income taxe assets) 160 600 0.4 = 240! 80 80! 280! 500!* 300! 80! 160! 600! 80!* 360 80 ( ) 80 ( ) 80 80 115
! (deffered income taxe liability) 116
8 (exchange conversion) (exchange rate) 8.1 (parent company) P (subsidiary) S (affiliated companies) A P P P P 7620 P 3790 (P 5370) (P 2990) [P 1110] [P 1590] [P 200] [P 200] [P 300] [P 1000] [P -300] [P 100] [P 1200] [P 100] [P -100] (P 800) [P 1010] [P 500] [P 1950] [P 300] (P 2250) *P 3830 [P 2000] (*P 1450) [P -400] (*P 2380) [P S 500] 7620 [P A 150] 7620 8.1: P S P S A P A 117
8.2 F (subsidiary)s 20 /F 22 /F 26 /F 24 /F 22 /F 20 /F 25 /F (exchange conversion adjust account) (exchange conversion adjustment) 118
S F /F F /F S 113-2486 S 78-1716 (S 80-1760) (S 43-946) [S 16 22 352] [S 41 22 902] [S 40 22 880] [S 2 22 44] [S -3 22-66] (S 35-770) [S 27 22 594] [S 35 22 770] (S 33-726) *S 35-770 [S 60 22 1320] (*S 20 20 400) F113 [S -27 22-594] (*S 15-285) F113 2486 (*S - - 85) 2486 8.2: S 8.3 P P F2.5 22 /F 26 /F 55 65 (exchange marginal profit) (exchange marginal loss)! ( ) c n 119
P ( ) P 29000 c!p 29000 P 600!nP 600!nP 60 P 60 P 200!nP 200 c!p 12000 P 12000 P 100!nP 100 P 200!nP 200 c!p 4500 P 4500 c!p 8300 P 8300 P 120 c!p S 120 P 60 c!p A 60 P 100!nP 100 c!p 300 P 300!nP 100 P 100!nP 800 P 800 n P 800 c!p 800 c P 50 P 50!nP 10 P 10 c!p 1000 P 1000 c P 1000!nP 1000 n!np 100 P 100 c!p 300 P 300 c P 300!nP 300 n!np 500 P 500 c!p 1000 P 1000 c P 1000!nP 1000 n P 1000 P 1000 c!p 100 P 100 c P 100!nP 100 n!np 100 P 100!nP 400 P 400 n P 400 c!p 400 c c!p 100 P 100 c P 100!nP 100 n 8.3: P 120
P 50!nP 50 c!p 50 P 50!nP 100 P 100!*nP 300 *P 300 n P 300 c!p 300 c P 10 c!p 10 c!p 1200 P 1200!nP 900 P 900 c!p 500 P 500 S c n 25 /F 24 /F! 121
S F /F F /F S 257 25 6425 c!s 257 25 6425 S 18 25 450!nS 18 25 450!nS 3 25 75 S 3 25 75 S 9 25 225!nS 9 25 225 c!s 15 25 375 S 15 25 375 c S 15 25 375!nS 15 25 375 n!ns 3 25 75 S 3 25 75 c!s 181 25 4525 S 181 25 4525!nS 8 25 200 S 8 25 200!nS 1 25 25 S 1 25 25!nS 13 25 325 S 13 25 325 n S 13 25 325 c!s 13 25 325 c c!s 2 25 50 S 2 25 50 c S 2 25 50!nS 2 25 50 n c!s 13 25 325 S 13 25 325 c!s 59 25 1475 S 59 25 1475 c!s 1 25 25 S 1 25 25 c!s 3 25 75 S 3 25 75!nS 1 25 25 S 1 25 25 c!s 4 24 96 S 4 25 100 c!s - - -4 8.4: S 8.4 P c n * 122
P!P 28920!P 33340 (!P 27110) (!P 31660) [c!p 12000] [c!p 29000] [!np -100] [!np 800] [!np 60] [c!p 4500] [!np 200] [c!p 50] [!np 100] [!np 50] [c!p 8300] [!np 500] [c!p 100] [!np 100] * [!np 400] [c!p 400] * [c!p 100] [!np 100] * [c!p 1000] [!np 1000] * [!np 100] [c!p 10] (!P 1810) (!P 1680) [c!p 300] [!np 100] [!np 100] [c!p S 120] [c!p A 60] [c!p 300] [!np 300] * [!np 800] [c!p 800] * [!np 10] [!*np 300] [c!p 300] *!P 1100!P 0 (c!p 1000) (!np 1000) * (!np 100) 34340!*P 4320 34340 c!p 1200!P 4320!nP 900 c!p 500 4320!*P 1720 4320 8.5: P 123
P 4120 P 2100 (P 2680) (P 0) [P 1340] [P -100] [P 200] [P -100] [P 600] [P 100] [P -60] [P 100] [P 100] (P 2100) [P 300] [P 300] [P 200] [P 900] (P 1400) [P 850] [P 1900] [P 50] [P -500] *P 2020 (P 40) (*P 300) 4120 [P 40] (*P 1720) 4120 S c n * 124
S F /F F /F c!s 181 25 4525 c!s 257 25 6425!nS 8 25 200!nS 18 25 450!nS 3 25 75!nS 9 25 225 c!s 13 25 325 c!s 59 25 1475!nS 3 25 75!nS 13 25 325 c!s 13 25 325 * c!s 2 25 50!nS 2 25 50 * c!s 1 25 25!nS 1 25 25 F314 c!s 15 25 375!nS 15 25 375 *F314 7850!*S 15-375 7850 c!s 3 25 75!S 15-375!nS 1 25 25 F15 c!s 4 24 96 c!s - - -4 F15 371!*S 7-175 371 S 28-700 S 21-525 (S -8 25-200) (S 8 25 200) (S 18 25 450) (S 1 25 25) (S -3 25-75) (S 1 25 25) (S 9 25 225) (S 11 25 275) F28 (S 15 25 375) *S 7-175 F28 700 (S -3 25-75) (*S 7-175) 700 8.6: S 8.5 c n * P 125
P!P 25860!P 30340 (!P 25450) (!P 30060) [!P 11900] [!P 29800] [!P 4500] [!P 200] [!P 50] [!P 50] [!P 8300] [!P 10] [!P 500] [!P 100] [!P 100] (!P 410) (!P 280) [!P 400] [!P 100] [!P 10] [!P S 120] [!P A 60]!P 160!P 0 (!P 60) (!P 100) 30340!*P 4320 30340!P 2100!P 4320 4320!*P 2220 4320!P 500!P 2220 2220!*P 1720 2220 8.7: P 126
P P 11740 P 5890 (P 8050) (P 2990) [P 2450] [P 1490] [P 200] [P 200] [P 300] [P 900] [P -100] [P 200] [P 1800] [P 200] [P -160] (P 2900) [P 100] [P 800] [P 1310] [P 900] [P 2150] [P 850] (P 3650) [P 350] [P 3900] [P -900] [P S 500] *P 5850 [P A 150] (*P 1750) (P 40) (*P 2380) 11740 [P 40] (*P 1720) 11740 8.8: P S 22 /F 25 /F 26 /F F40 F18 F58 40 25 = 880 18 25 = 450 58 26 = 1508 1508 880 450 = 178 = ( ) ( ) ( ) (8.1) c n 127
F /F (-) S 40 22 880 (-) S 18 25 450 S 58 26 1508 *S 0-178 8.9: S 56 *S 56 S 178 *S 178 S -15 *S -15 S 117 *S 117 S 255 *S 255 S -111 *S -111 *S 151 S 151 *S 172 S 172 *S 9 S 9 *S 1 S 1 8.10: 25 /F 20 /F 24 /F! 128
S F /F F /F!S 189 25 4725!S 275 25 6875!S 13 25 325!S 9 25 225!S 59 25 1475!S 3 25 75!S 2 25 50 F284!S 3 25 75 F284 7100!*S 15 25 375 7100 F15!S 4 25 100!S 15 25 375 F15 375!*S 11 25 275 375 F11!S 4 24 96!S 11 25 275 F11 271!*S 7-175!S - - -4 271 S F /F F /F S 141-3666 S 99-2574 (S 96-2496) (S 53-1378) [S 8 26 208] [S 49 26 1274] [S 58 26 1508] [S 3 26 78] [S -6 26-156] [S 1 26 26] [S 36 26 936] (S 46-1196) (S 45-1170) [S 46 26 1196] [S 75 26 1950] *S 42-1092 [S -30 26-780] (*S 20 20 400) (*S 15-285) F141 (*S 7-175) F141 3666 (*S - - 232) 3666 8.11: S 8.6 c!!n c!p c!p c!p c!p 129
( ) c!p 12000 c!p 29000 c!p 4500 c!p 50 c!p 8300 29000 c!*p 4150 29000 c!p 2200 c!p 4150 c!p 300 c!p S 120 4330 c!*p C/F (CFO) 1830 c!p A 60 4330 c!p 300 c!p 1000 c!p 100 0 c!*p C/F (CFI) -1400 0 c!p 100 c!p 400 c!p 500 c!p 800 1500 c!*p C/F (CFF) 900 c!p 300 1500 c!p C/F (CFO) 1830 c!p C/F (CFI) -1400 c!p C/F (CFF) 900 1340 P 1340 c!p 10 1340 8.12: P 130
( )!np 500 0 P -500 0!nP 60 0 P -60 0!nP 100!nP 50 100 P 50 100!nP 1720 P 1720!nP -100 P -100 P 200!nP 200 P 600!nP 800 800 P 200 800!nP -100 P -100!nP 100 P 100 P 100!nP 100!nP 100 P 100 P 300!nP 300!nP 100!nP 1000!nP 100 2000 P 1900 P 900 2000!nP 400!nP 100 400 P 300 400!nP 800!nP 10 850 P 40 P 850 850!*nP 300 *P 300 c n / 131
( )!P 2100!P 4320!P 500!*P 1720 P 1340 P -100 P 200 P -100 P 600 P 100 P -60 P 100 P 200 P 900 P 100 P 300 P 300 P 850 P 1900 P 50 P -500 *P 300 8440 P 40 *P 1720 8440 ( )!P 11900!P 29800!P 60!P 4500!P 200!P 50!P 100!P 50!P 8300!P S 120!P 500!P A 60!P 100!P 400!P 100!P 10!P 100!P 10 30340!*P 4320 30340 8.13: P / c!p c!p c!p c!p 132
( )!*P 50!P 4320!*P 500!*P 60!*P 100!*P 100!*P 100!*P S 120!*P 400!*P A 60!*P 100!*P 10!*P 10 P 200 P -100 P 600 P 200 5490 c!*p 4150 5490 c!p 2200 c!p 4150 c!p 300 c!p S 120 4330 c!*p C/F (CFO) 1830 c!p A 60 4330 c!p 300 c!p 1000 c!p 100 0 c!*p C/F (CFI) -1400 0 c!p 100 c!p 400 c!p 500 c!p 800 1500 c!*p C/F (CFF) 900 c!p 300 1500 c!p C/F (CFO) 1830 c!p C/F (CFI) -1400 c!p C/F (CFF) 900 1340 P 1340 c!p 10 1340 ( )!P 500 0 P -500 0!nP 60 0 P -60 0 P 50 100!P 100!P 50 100 1720!P 1720 P 1720 1720 8.14: P 133
!P 2100 P -100 2100 c!*p 2200 2100!P 100 P 100 P 100!P 100!P 400 P 100 400 c!*p 300 400 c!*p S 120!P S 120 c!*p A 60!P A 60 P 300 c!*p 300 c!*p 10!P 10!P 100 P 900 P 1900 c!*p 1000 2000 c!*p 100 2000 P 300 400 c!*p 400 c!*p 100 400!P 10 P 40 P 850 850 c!*p 800 850 300 c!*p 300 P 300 300 ( )!P 11900!P 29800!P 60!P 4500!P 200!P 50!P 100!P 50!P 8300!P S 120!P 500!P A 60!P 100!P 400!P 100!P 10!P 100!P 10 30340!*P 4320 30340 S 134
( ) F /F F /F c!s 181 25 4525 c!s 257 25 6425 c!s 13 25 325 F257 c!s 59 25 1475 F257 6425 c!*s 4-100 6425 c!s 1 25 25 c!s 4-100 F4 c!s 3 25 75 F4 100 c!*s C/F 0-0 100 F0 c!s 15 25 375 F0 0 c!*s C/F -15 - -375 0 c!s 4 24 96 c!s 13 25 325 F13 c!s 2 25 50 F13 325 c!*s C/F 7-179 325 c!s C/F 0-0 c!s C/F -15 - -375 F-8 c!s C/F 7-179 F-8-200 S -8 25-200 c!s - - -4-200 ( ) F /F F /F F0 S -3 25-75 F0 0!nS 3 25 75 0 F0 S -3 25-75 F0 0!nS 3 25 75 0!nS 7-175 S 7-175!nS 8 25 200 S 8 25 200 S 9 25 225!nS 9 25 225 S 18 25 450!nS 18 25 450!nS 1 25 25 S 1 25 25!nS 1 25 25 S 1 25 25 S 15 25 375!nS 15 25 375 F13 S 11 25 275 F13 325!nS 13 25 325!nS 2 25 50 325 8.15: S ( ) c n 135
( ) F /F F /F!S 4 25 100!S 15-375!S 4 24 96!S - - -4!*S 7-175 S -8 25-200 S 8 25 200 S 18 25 450 S 1 25 25 S 9 25 225 S 1 25 25 S -3 25-75 S 11 25 275 F43 S 15 25 375 F43 S -3 25-75 *S 7-175 1071 ( ) F /F F /F!S 189 25 4725!S 275 25 6875!S 3 25 75!S 9 25 225!S 13 25 325!S 59 25 1475!S 3 25 75 F284!S 2 25 50 F284 7100!*S 15-375 7100 8.16: S / 136
( ) F /F F /F!S 15-375!*S 3 25 75 S 18 25 450!*S 3 25 75 F31 S 9 25 225!*S 2 25 50 F31 775 c!*s 4-100 S 8 25 200 775 c!s 1 25 25 c!s 4-100 F4 c!s 3 25 75 F4 100 c!*s C/F 0-0 100 F0 c!s 15 25 375 F0 0 c!*s C/F -15 - -375 0 c!s 2 25 50 c!s 13 25 325 F13 c!s 4 24 96 F13 325 c!*s C/F 7-179 325 c!s C/F 0-0 c!s C/F -15 - -375 F-8 c!s C/F 7-179 F-8-200 S -8 25-200 c!s - - -4-200 8.17: S 137
( ) F /F F /F F0 S -3 25-75 F0 0!S 3 25 75 0 F0 S -3 25-75 F0 0!S 3 25 75 0!S 7-175 S 7-175 S 15 25 375 c!*s 15 25 375 F2!S 2 25 50 S 1 25 25 F2 50 c!*s 1 25 25 50 S 11 25 275 F13 c!*s 13 25 325 c!*s 2 25 50 325 F4!S 4 25 100 S 1 25 25 F4 100 c!*s 3 25 75 100!S 4 24 96 c!*s 4 24 96 c!*s - - -4!S - - -4 ( ) F /F F /F!S 189 25 4725!S 275 25 6875!S 3 25 75!S 9 25 225!S 13 25 325!S 59 25 1475!S 3 25 75 F284!S 2 25 50 F284 7100!*S 15-375 7100 138
9 (parent company) (subsidiary) (consolidated statements) 50% 20% (affiliated companies) (equity method) P S A 9.1 60% 60% (minority stockholders) (equity of minority stockholders) (consolidation adjust account) (depreciation of consolidation adjust account) (consolidation adjust) S 400 285 60% 240 171 P 500 89 (depreciation of consolidation adjust account) 20 S 40% 139
160 114 (consolidation adjust account) *S P( ) 240 P S( ) 500 S P( ) 171 89 S O( ) 160 * 274 S O( ) 114 ( ) S P S O S (equity method) (investiment profit on equity method) P A 300 P 40% P 120 150 P A! P A 120 P A( ) 150 * -30 (initial consolidated balance sheet) ns ns np S n n np A 140
9665 5506 ( 7130) ( 3936) [ 1462] [ 2492] [ 200] [ 200] [ 300] [ 1044] [ -300] [ 100] [ 2080] [ 100] [ -166] ( 1570) [ 1010] [ 1270] [ 2544] [ 300] ( 2535) * 4159 [ 3320] (* 1450) [ -994] (* 2350) [ 89] (* 85) 9665 [ A 120] (* 274) 9665 9.1: (consolidated surplus) 9.2 (income before tax adjustment) P S S 40% 275 40% 110 (profit 141
for minority stockholders) P P S!*n 110 * 110 20 5 89/5 = 17.8!n 17.8 ( ) 17.8 96 40% 38.4!S * ( ) 38.4!nS ( ) 38.4 P S S P ( )... ( )... ( )... ( )... ( )... ( )... P S 215 S 15 S P 175 25!P!nP ( ) 15 P ( ) 215 S ( ) 175 S 25 142
P S S S P S S P! ( )...! ( )...! ( )...! ( )...! ( )...! ( )...! ( )...! ( )... P S 540 S P 500 P S 540-15=525!nP ( ) 525!nS ( ) 525 S 60% 57.6 P c!s c!p c!p ( ) 57.6 c!s ( ) 57.6 S P P 20 S!! 40%!nS ( ) 20 S ( ) 20!n -8-8 143
P S 10 P ( ) 10!nP 10!n 4 4 400 P 160 A 150 10! P A 160 P A( ) 150!n 10!nP ( ) 60 P A( ) 60-30 5 P A 6!n 6! (consolidation adjust account) 144
!*n 110 * 110!n 17.8 ( ) 17.8 * ( ) 38.4!nS ( ) 38.4!nP ( ) 15 P ( ) 215 S ( ) 175 S 25!nP ( ) 525!nS ( ) 525 c!p S( ) 57.6 c!s A( ) 57.6!nS ( ) 20 S ( ) 20!n -8-8 P ( ) 10!nP ( ) 10!n 4 4 P A 160 P A( ) 150!n 10!nP ( ) 60 P A( ) 60 P A 6!n 6 9.2: P S (consolidated trial balance of flow) c n * 145
( )! 35377.8! 40149.4 (! 33517.8) (! 38565) [c! 16525] [c! 35425] [!n -425] [!n 710] [c! 4825] [!n 405] [c! 50] [c! 9775] [!n 575] [c! 100] [!n 100] * [!n 725] [c! 725] * [c! 150] [!n 150] * [c! 1000] [!n 1000] * [!n 100] [!n 50] [!n 100] [!n 17.8] (! 1860) (! 1584.4) [c! 325] [!n 100] [!n 125] [c! 122.4] [!n -60] [c! 300] [!n 300] * [!n 800] [c! 800] * [!n 10] [c! 6] [!n 16] [!*n 300] [c! 300] *! 1600! 1375 (c! 1375) (!n 1375) * (!n 100) (!n 125) 41524.4!* 4546.6 41524.4 c! 1275! 4546.6!n 925!n -4!*n 110 c! 538.4!n -38.4 4546.6!* 1740.6 4546.6 9.3: 146
4558.2 2446 ( 2880) ( 75) [ 1140] [ -75] [ 200] [ -75] [ 835] [ 100] [ -125] [ 125] [ 100] ( 2371) [ 300] [ 575] [ 430] [ 900] ( 1638.2) [ 850] [ 2275] [ 50] [ -575] [ -4] [ -17.8] * 2112.2 [ A -44] (* 300) ( 40) (* 1740.6) 4558.2 [ 40] (* ) 71.6 4558.2 9.4: (net assets) (capital) 9.3 S (exchange conversion adjustment) (consolidated profit loss statement) (consolidated balance sheet) 147
! ( )! 32002.8! 36774.4 (! 31542.8) (! 36590) [! 16100] [! 36135] [! 4825] [! 405] [! 50] [! 50] [! 9775] [! 575] [! 100] [! 100] (! 184.4) [! 17.8] [! 100] (! 460) [! 62.4] [! 450] [! 6] [! 10] [! 16]! 225! 0 (! 100) (! 125) 36774.4!* 4546.6 36774.4! 2200! 4546.6! -4!* 110 4546.6!* 2240.6 4546.6! 500! 2240.6 2240.6!* 1740.6 2240.6 9.5: 148
( ) 14703.2 8285 ( 10346) ( 4193) [ 2658] [ 2589] [ 200] [ 200] [ 300] [ 978] [ -100] [ 200] [ 3093] [ 226] [ -306] ( 4092) [ 100] [ 1996] [ 1310] [ 900] [ 3091] [ 850] ( 4317.2) [ 350] [ 5850] [ -4] [ -1680] * 6418.2 [ 71.2] (* 1750) [ A 76] (* 2350) ( 40) (* 1740.6) [ 40] (* 232) 14703.2 (* ) 345.6 14703.2 9.6: 9.4 (consolidated cashflow statement) 149
( ) c! 16525 c! 35425 c! 4825 c! 50 c! 9775 35425 c!* 4250 35425 c! 2275 c! 4250 c! 325 c! 122.4 4372.4 c!* C/F (CFO) 1772.4 4372.4 c! 300 c! 1375 1775 c! 100 c!* C/F (CFI) 1775 1775 c! 150 c! 725 c! 538.4 c! 800 1825 c!* C/F (CFF) 1136.6 c! 300 1825 c! C/F (CFI) 1775 c! C/F (CFO) 1772.4 c! C/F (CFF) 1136.6 2915 1140 c! 6 2915 9.7: 150
( ) -575 0! 575 0-125 0! 125 0 50 100! 100! 50 100! -4-4 -17.8 0! 17.8 0! 1740.6 1740.6!n -425-75 430!n 405 835!n 710 1040 200 1040!n -75-75!n 100 100 100!n 100!n 125 125 300!n 300!n 100!n 1375!n 100 2375 2275 900 2375 A -44!n -60-44!n 16-44 575 725!n 725!n 150 725!n 800!n 10 850 40 850 850!n -38.4 * 71.6 71.6!*n 110 71.6!*n 300 * 300 151
( )! 2200! 4546.6!* 110! -4! 500!* 1740.6 1140-75 200-75 835 100-125 125 100 575 300 900 430 850 2275 50-575 -4-17.8 * 300 A -44 * 1740.6 9104.8 40 * 71.6 9104.8 ( )! 16100! 36135! 125! 4825! 405! 50! 50! 100! 9775! 17.8! 100! 62.4! 450! 100! 100! 575! 10! 16 36774.4!* 4546.6! 6 36774.4 9.8: / 152
( )! 4546.6!* 50!* 575!* 125!* 100!* 17.8!* 100!* 100!* 62.4!* 450!* 16!* 100!* 6!* 10 200-75 835 430 5949.4 c!* 4250 5949.4 c! 2275 c! 4250 c! 325 c! 122.4 4372.4 c!* C/F (CFO) 1772.4 4372.4 c! 300 c! 1375 1775 c! 100 c!* C/F (CFI) 1775 1775 c! 150 c! 725 c! 538.4 c! 800 1825 c!* C/F (CFF) 1136.6 c! 300 1825 c! C/F (CFI) 1775 c! C/F (CFO) 1772.4 c! C/F (CFF) 1136.6 2915 1140 c! 6 2915 ( ) -575 0! 575 0-125 0! 125 0 50 100! 100! 50 100! -4-4 -17.8 9.9: 153
0! 17.8 0!* 1740.6 * 1740.6! 2200-75 2200 c!* 2275 2200! 100 100! 450 125 450 c!* 325 450 100! 100 300 c!* 300! 100 900 2275 c!* 1375 2375 c!* 100 2375 A -44! 62.4 78.4 c!* 122.4! 16 78.4 575 725 c!* 725 c!* 150 725! 10 40 850 850 c!* 800 850!* 110 * 71.6 610! 500 c!* 538.4 610 c!* 300 * 300 c!* 6! 6 ( )! 16100! 36135! 125! 4825! 405! 50! 50! 100! 9775! 17.8! 100! 62.4! 450! 100! 100! 575! 10! 16 36774.4!* 4546.6! 6 36774.4 154
10 10.1 ( ) ( ) [ ] (! 7444) (! 7578) [! 5240] [! 7059] [! 1743] [! 483] [! 461] [! 36] (! 138) (! 97) [! 36] [! 16] [! 18] [! 34] [! 32] [! 1] [! 52] [! 1] 7675!* 93 [! 45] 7675! 65!* 93! -16! 6! 35 99!* 15 99 10.1: : 155
8186 5793 ( 3337) ( 2559) [ 684] [ 113] [ 5] [1 241] [ 162] [ 768] [ 1364] [ 870] [ -121] [ 105] [ 673] [ 107] [ 134] [ 355] [ 436] ( 313) ( 3234) ( 1698) [ 839] [ 131] [ 299] [ 1567] [ 160] ( 1412) [ 1680] [ 195] [ 256] [ 892] [ 2216] [ 67] * 2393 [ -1958] (* 476) ( 1426) (* 968) [ 246] (* 1209) [ 317] (* -276) [ 308] (* -7) 8186 [ 555] (* 23) 8186 10.2: : ( ) ( ) 1217! 15 1232! 23! 0 23 * 1209 10.3: ( ): 156
! 6! 15-111 -173-291 -39 236 314 71 15-354 -50 14! 50! -243! 38 66!* C/F 738! -104 66! 388! 38! 706! 345! 90! 25! 1! 9 418!* C/F -767! 1 418! 172! 229! 78! 106! 23! 10 358!* C/F 85! 13 358 77! 21! C/F 738! C/F -767 77! C/F 85 77 10.4: ( ): (account title) 10.2 (assets) ( (current assets) ) [ (liquid assets) ] { (handy assets) } (cash) (checking deposit) (saving deposit) 157
(fixed term savings) (fixed amount savings) 1 (stocks & bonds) ( ) { (credit assets) } (notes receivable) (rebate) (discount notes) y x x-y (endorsed notes) (accounts receivable) { (accrued income) } (accrued income) { (accounts receivable) } (accounts receivable) { (advance payment) } { (expenses in advance) }! y x x-y { (expenses in advance) } { (payment in advance) } { (temporary expenses) } { (temporary advance) } { (payment in advance) } { (short-term loan) } 158
{ (irrecoverable debt reserves) } { (security) } [ (inventory assets) ] { (finished goods) } { (inventory) } { (semiprocessed goods) } { (raw materials) } { (storages) } { (devices) } ( (fixed assets) ) [ (tangible fixed assets) ] { (building) } { (constructions) } { (machines) (vehicles) } { (tools) (utensils) (equipments) } 1 20 { (land) } { (construction suspense account) } [ (intangible fixed assets) ] { (business rights) } (= ) { (patent rights) (trademarks) } { (facility utilization rights) } { (NTT permission) (lease) } { (deffered income taxe assets) } ( (consolidation adjust account) ) [ (investment) ] { (investment stocks & bonds) } { (subsidiary stocks) } { (long-term loans) } { (money trust) } 159
{ (put in deposit) } { (long-term expenses in advance) } { (investment real estate) } { (irrecoverable debt reserves) } ( (deferred assets) ) 5 [ (founding expenses) ] [ (opening expenses) ] [ (research expenses) (development expenses) ] [ (new stock issuing expenses) ] 3 [ (bond issuing expenses) ] 3 [ (bond issuing rebate) ] [ (construction interest) ] (liability) (outsider funds) ( (current liability) ) 1 [ (payment draft) ] [ (short-term debt) ] [ (accounts payable) ] [ (subsidiary accounts payable) ] [ (accrued expenses) ] [ (accounts payable) ] [ (accrued tax) ] [ (income in advance) ] [ (receipt in advance) ] [ (temporary income) ] [ (temporary receipt) ] [ (receipt in trust) ] [ (employee key money) ] [ (director s remuneration) ] [ (reserves) ] { } { } { } { } 160
[ (draft for equipments) ] [ (borrowed money) ] [ (long-term debt within a year) ] [ (long-term bonds within a year) ] ( (fixed liability) ) [ (bonds) ] [ (convert bonds) (warrant bonds) ] [ (long-term receipt in advance) ] [ (long-term debt) ] [ (accumulated depreciation) ] [ (reserves) ] { (retirement supply reserves) } { (long-term tax reserves) } [ (reserves) ] { (deffered income taxe liability) } * (net assets) (insider funds) ( * (capital stock) ) * (capital) ( * (reserve fund designated by law) ) [ * (capital reserve fund) ] { * (stock payment surplus) } (50%) { * (consolidation marginal profit) } { * (capital reduction marginal profit) } [ * (profit reserves) ] 1/4 1/10 ( * (surplus) ) { * (optional deposit) } { * (transferred amount) } { * } * (reserve fund) * (deposit) * 161
* * * * * * * { * (retained profit) } * (retained loss) { * (consolidated surplus) } { * (current profit, current income) } * * * * ( ) ( * (self stocks) ) ( * (exchange conversion adjust account) ) * (equity of minority stockholders) 10.3!! (income,revenue) (! (ordinary income) ) [! (operating income) ] ( ) [! (non-operating income) ] (! (special profit) ) [! (preceding period profit amendment) ] [! (fixed assets sale profit) ] [! ]! (expenses,costs) (! (ordinary expenses) ) [! (operating expenses) ] {! (sales expenses) } ( ) ( ) { (general managemnet expenses) } {! (depreciation of consolidation adjust account) } 20 162
[! (non-operating expenses) ] (! (special loss) ) [! (preceding period loss amendment) ] [! (fixed assets sale loss) ] [! (deposit for irrecoverable debt reserves) ] [! ]!* (income before tax,gross income)!* (income before tax adjustment) (! (income tax) ) [! (corporate tax)! (municipal tax) ] [! (business tax) ] (!* (profit for minority stockholders) )!* (net income)!* (unsettled profit)! (dividends)!* (deposit) /!* (profit reserves) /!* (retained profit) / 163
11 11.1 3 (consumption tax) 11.1.1 ( ) (tax excluded method) (tax excluded method) (tax excluded price)!!!!!! 164
(tax included price)! ( )! ( )!!! ( )!! ( )! 11.1.2 ( ) (tax included method) (tax included method) ( )!! ( ) 11.2 (business tax) 2144 840 + = 2144 + 840 = 2984 165
470 ( 800 ) /( + 1) = 2984/2 = 1492 = 2984 800 = 2184 = 2184 1024 = 1160 116 116 0.2 = 92.8 10 10 = 2144 100 = 2044 = 2044 1024 = 1020 102 102 0.2 = 81.6 35 35 = 2144 350 = 1794 = 1794 1024 = 770 77 77 0.2 = 61.6 11.3 11.3.1 (real estate) (depreciation) 10% 60 9000 (depreciation expenses) 9000 0.9/60 = 135 (11.1) 166
(70x12) 840! 840 140 140 70! 70 12000 12000 800 800! 240 240 9000 9000! 135 135! 27 27! 5 5! 72 72! 26 26! 720 720 11.1: 11.3.2 2232 11200 9000 140-135! 135! 982 12322! 1090 12322 11.2: 167
( ) ( ) 2232 11200 9000 140-135 ( ) 11097 * -243 11097!! 1090! 982! 135 982!* -243 982 11.3: 11.3.3 (business income) (income tax) = ( ) + ( ) = 243 + 240 = 3 (11.2) = + = 5655 3 = 5652 (11.3) = = 5652 2082 = 3570 (11.4) 168
12 12.1 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 169
2. 3. ( ) 4. 5. 6. ( ) 12.2!! 12.1: ( ) 170
( )!! 12.2: ( )!! ( 3 6 ) 12.3 171
! *!! 12.3: ( ) * * * * 12.4: ( )!!! 172
* * 12.5: ( )!!! ( )! 12.6: ( )!!!! ( )! 12.7: ( )!!! 2 3!!! 50 173
!! 12.8: ( ) 12.4! ( )! 12.9: ( )!! ( )! 12.10: ( )! 2!! ( )! 12.11: ( )! 174
!!!! ( )! 12.12: ( )! 2 2 3!!!! 12.5! 175
! ( )! ( )!!!!!! 12.13:!!!!!! 12.6 0!! =!!!!!!! ( )! ( )!!! ( + ) 176
=! + (! +! +! +! +! +! ) ( ) + (12.1) =! + (! +! +! ) + (12.2) 12.7 2002/03/31 177
! 19381! 19945 (! 4123) (! 13504) (! 15258) (! 27)! 806 (! 4015) (! 507) (! 2399) (! 299)! 2755 (! 558) (! 299) 22700!* 2513 (! 1898) 22700 8532 6707 99929 ( 814) ( 105546) ( 5893) ( -5617) 25618 ( 2816) ( 22801) ( 1) * 76096 * -2473 (* 6) (* -2479) 108461 * 2513 108461 12.14: ( )!! 814! 814! 2479 2479 22801! 22801! 4015! 4015 2816! 2816! 27! 27 12.15: 178
! 21860! 19560 (! 6602) (! 17161) (! 15258) (! 2399)! 806! 29571 (! 507) (! 27673) (! 299) (! 1898) 49131!* 26465 49131 8532 5893 99929 ( 5893) ( 105546) 1 ( -5617) ( 1) * 76096 * 6 (* 6) 108461 * 26465 108461 12.16: ( )! 0 0!!!! 179
! 21860! 19560 (! 5617) (! 17161) (! 15258) (! 2399)! 806! 29571 (! 507) (! 27673) (! 1284) (! 1898) 49131!* 26465 49131 8532 5893 99929 ( 5893) ( 105546) 1 ( -5617) ( 1) * 76096 * 6 (* 6) 108461 * 26465 108461 12.17: ( ) =! + (! +! +! +! +! +! ) ( ) + = 2513 + (13504 + 558 + 1898 + 27 + 4015 + 299) + 2479 285 + 1048 = 21030 (12.3) =! + (! +! +! ) + = 26465 + (17161 + 27673 + 1898) 285 + 1048 = 21030 (12.4) = ( + ) = (76102+736723)/2 0.014 = 1048 (12.5) 180
12.8 0 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 181
13 Excel Perl C 13.1 Excel Excel Excel Visual Basic Windows Excel MacOSX Excel Excel Sheet1: Sheet2: Sheet3: ( ) Sheet4 : 13.1 * Excel # 182
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13.2 Perl Perl Unix Windows Perl Windows 13.2 13.2: tab 13.3 13.3: / 30000 190000 80000 100000 200000 / 300000 300000 300000 300000 tab 184