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Effects of Hot Spring Water Drinking on Blood Glucose Levels in Kawayu Spa Kouji NISHIKAWA1) Yoshinori OHTSUKA2) 1) Kawayu Onsen Hospital 2) Health Administration Center, Hokkaido University Summary We investigated the effects of hot spring water drinking in Kawayu on blood glucose levels and insulin secretions. Kawayu hot spring water is characterized "acid alum vitriol hydrogensulfide" with a ph of 1.98. First, a glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed on eight non-diabetic people and nine diabetic patients after drinking of tap water or Kawayu hot spring water at a one-week interval. Plasma glucose levels after pre-drinking spring water showed significantly (p=0.05) decreasing compared with those after pre-drinking tap water. Serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels after predrinking hot spring water were tend to be higher at the early phase of GTT than those after pre-drinking tap water. And, we confirmed the correlation between the total decreasing of blood glucose levels and the reactions of insulin secretion at early phase of GTT after spring water drinking. Second, GTT was performed on seven diabetic patients before and after four-week drinking of Kawayu hot spring water. The results showed that hemoglobin A 1 c levels and total cholesterol levels ware decreased significantly (p<0.05). Total blood glucose levels of tested GTT were, however, almost similar before and after drinking treatment. These findings suggest that drinking of Kawayu hot spring water is beneficial for diabetic patients. Key words: drinking treatment, diabetes mellitus, spring water, Kawayu spa

Fig. 1-a Changes in plasma glucose levels (BS) of glucose tolerance tests performed for all 17 subjects. Glucose tolerance tests were performed after drinking tap water (control) or Kawayu spring hot water (sulfur) at one-week interval. Data are shown as mean values. Spring water was 5 times diluted with hot water. Fig. 1-c Changes in plasma glucose levels (BS) of glucose tolerance tests performed for nine diabetic patients. Data are shown as mean values. Fig. 1-b Changes in plasma glucose levels (BS) of glucose tolerance tests performed for eight nondiabetic people. Data are shown as mean values. Fig.2 Changes in serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI) levels on all 17 subjects. The IRI data were measured with plasma glucose at the same time. Data are shown as mean values. Spring water was 5 times diluted with hot water.

Table 1 Calculated ƒ IRI/ƒ BS, ƒ ƒ BS 30',60',ƒ ƒ BS30' `180',ƒ ƒ IRI 30',60' and ƒ ƒ IRI 30' `180' data of GTT after tap water (control) and spring water drinking (sulfur). Kawayu spring water was 5 times diluted with hot water.

Table 2 Calculated ƒ IRI/ƒ BS,ƒ ƒ BS30',60',ƒ ƒ IRI30',60', and ƒ ƒ IRI30' `180' respectively in the case of ƒ ƒ BS classification. Control means results of GTT after drinking tap water, and sulfur is meaning of hot spring water drinking. Data are shown as mean values.

Table 3 Calculated ƒ ƒ BS30',60', ƒ ƒ ABS30' `180', ƒ ƒ IRI30',60', and ƒ ƒ IRI30' `180' in the case of DIRIIABS classification. Control means results of GTT after drinking tap water, and sulfur is meaning of hot spring water drinking. Data are shown as mean values.

Fi g.3 Hemoglobin Alc (HbAlc) levels before and after (after 4 weeks) 4-week drinking treatment with Kawayu hot spring water for 7 diabetic patients. HbAlc was also measured at the 8-week point (after 8 weeks), which contained non-drinking period of hot spring water for four weeks after end of drinking treatments. Data show the means }SD. Fig.4 Total cholesterol (T-Cho) levels before and after (after 4 weeks) 4-week drinking treatment with Kawayu hot spring water for 7 diabetic patients. T-Cho levels of control vs. after 4 weeks were 202.6 }58.6vs. 183.0 }44.3 (mean }SD) mg/dl respectively. Total cholesterol: normal level 130 `220mg/dl Table 4 Calculated ƒ IRI/ƒ BS, ƒ ƒ BS 30',60', ƒ ƒ BS 30' `180',ƒ ƒ IRI 30',60' and ƒ ƒ IRI 30' ` 180' data of GTT on seven diabetic patients who received 4-week drinking treatment with kawayu spring water.

Fig.5 The correlation between LABS and ƒ IRI/ ƒ BS classification. The figure shows correlation between the index of S/Cƒ IRI/ƒ BS and S/Cƒ ƒ BS30' `120'. S/C: sulfur (after drinking hot spring water) /control (after tap water drinking). Table 5 Analyses of element and metal levels contained in Kawayu spring water. These analyses were performed by N.S. Environmental Science Co., Ltd. Cd: cadmium Hg: mercury Se: selenium Pb: lead As: arsenic Cr: chromium CN: cyanide F: fluorine Zn: zinc Fe: iron Cu: copper Mn: manganese Al: aluminum (Hexavalent chromium is only measured instead of total and trivalent chromium.)

4) Tominaga M, Aoki Y, Haraguchi S, et al.: Legionnaires' disease associated with habitual drinking of hot spring water. Intern Med 2001; 40: 1064-1067. 5) Shisheva A, Gefel D, Shechter Y: Insulinlike effects of zinc ion in vitro and in vivo. Preferential effects on desensitized adipocytes and induction of normoglycemia in streptozocin-induced rats. Diabetes 1992;41:982-988. 6) Anderson RA: Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 2000;26: 22-27(abstract in MEDLINE). 7) Kojima Y, Yoshikawa Y, Ueda E, et al.: Insulinomimetic zinc (II) complexes with natural products: in vitro evaluation and blood glucose lowering effect in KK-Ay mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chem Pharm Bull 2003;51: 1006-1008. 8) Yoshikawa Y, Ueda E, Sakurai H, et al.: Antidiabetes effect of Zn (II)/carnitine complex by oral administration. Chem Pharm Bull 2003;51: 230-231. 9) Ryan GJ, Wanko NS, Redman AR, et al.: Chromium as adjunctive treatment for type 2 diabetes. Ann Pharmacother 2003;37:876-885. 10) Cusi K, Cukier S, DeFronzo RA, et al.: Vanadyl sulfate improves hepatic and muscle insulin sensitivity in type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1410-1417.

13) Moser M, Winkler R, Huber E, et al.: Changes in selenium status, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxide level after drinking cures in Bad Hall health resort. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1994;106:54-59(in German with English abstract). 14) Ekmekcioglu C, Strauss-Blasche G, Holzer F, et al.: Effect of sulfur baths on antioxidative defense systems, peroxide concentrations and lipid levels in patients with degenerative osteoarthritis. Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd 2002;9:216-220(in German with English abstract).

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