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108

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110 Footnotes 1 2 LGBT, 2007 LGBT 3 LGBT 2014 4

研 究 論 文 : 職 場 における 性 的 マイノリティの 困 難 収 入 および 勤 続 意 欲 の 多 変 量 解 析 111 Research paper : Challenges of Sexual and Gender Minorities in the Workplace: Multivariate Analyses of Income and Willingness to Continue Working Appendix Table A =0 =1 X 4 = = = = = = X = =0 =1 = = X = X =

112 =5 =4 =3 =2 =1 5 14 67 4 = = = = 3 = = = =0 =1 1 15 =1 75 =12 12

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114 Table B n=1,123 n=674 1 1 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.350 ----- 0.250 ----- 0.200 ----- 0.550 ----- 0.300 ----- 0.139 ----- 0.150 ----- 0.060 ----- 0.242 ----- 0.142 ----- 3.151 1.241 3.118 1.268 32.273 9.188 35.272 9.428 ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.143 ----- 0.123 ----- 0.211 ----- 0.107 ----- 0.541 ----- 0.578 ----- 0.105 ----- 0.193 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 0.579 ----- 0.704 ----- 0.368 ----- 0.251 ----- 0.053 ----- 0.044 ----- 0.093 ----- 0.130 ----- 6.271 2.778 7.038 2.695 3.746 1.211 3.715 1.303 3.790 1.045 3.818 1.036 2.621 1.359 2.655 1.397 1

研 究 論 文 : 職 場 における 性 的 マイノリティの 困 難 収 入 および 勤 続 意 欲 の 多 変 量 解 析 115 Research paper : Challenges of Sexual and Gender Minorities in the Workplace: Multivariate Analyses of Income and Willingness to Continue Working References Badgett, M. V. L. 1995. The wage effects of sexual orientation discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 48 4, 726-739. Badgett, M. V. L., Durso, L. E., & Schneebaum, A. 2013. New patterns of poverty in the lesbian, gay, and bisexual community. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/lgb-poverty- Update-Jun-2013.pdf Badgett, M. V. L., Lau, H., Sears, B., & Ho, D. 2007. Bias in the workplace: Consistent evidence of sexual orientation and gender identity discrimination. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/ uploads/badgett-sears-lau-ho-bias-in-the-workplace-jun-2007.pdf Black, D. A., Makar, H. R., Sanders, S. G., & Taylor, L. J. 2003. The earnings effects of sexual orientation. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 56 3, 449 469. Burns, C., Graham K. C., & Menefee-Libey S. 2012. Gay and transgender discrimination in the public sector: Why it s a problem for state and local governments, employees, and taxpayers. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.afscme.org/news/publications/body/cap-afscme-lgbt- Public-Sector-Report.pdf Carpenter, C. S. 2005. Self-reported sexual orientation and earnings: Evidence from California. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 58 2, 258-273. Chasin, C. D. 2014. Making Sense in and of the Asexual Community: Navigating Relationships and Identities in a Context of Resistance. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. doi:10.1002/casp.2203 Couper, M. P. 2000. Web surveys: A review of issues and approaches. Public Opinion Quarterly, 64 4, 464-494. Grant, J. M., Mottet, L. A., & Tanis, J. with Harrison, J., Herman, J. L., & Keisling, M.. 2011. Injustice at every turn: A report of the national transgender discrimination survey. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www. thetaskforce.org/downloads/reports/reports/ntds_full.pdf Lafrance, A., Warman, C., & Woolley, F. 2009. Sexual identity and the marriage premium. Queen s Economics Department Working Paper, 1219. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/working_papers/papers/

116 qed_wp_1219.pdf Minter, S., & Daley, C. 2003. Trans realities: A legal needs assessment of San Francisco s transgender communities. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.hawaii.edu/hivandaids/trans_realities A_Legal_Needs_ Assessment_of_SF_s_TG_Communities.pdf Prudential Financial. 2012. The LGBT financial experience: 2012-2013 Prudential research study. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.prudential. com/media/managed/prudential_lgbt_financial_experience.pdf Ragins, B. R., & Cornwell, J. M. 2001. Pink triangles: Antecedents and consequences of perceived workplace discrimination against gay and lesbian employees. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 6, 1244-1261..,., &. 2013. LGBT. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://synodos.jp/society/4547., &. 2003.. 67, 4-34.., &. 2003.. 54 3, 193-205.. 2012. : 5, 63-81.. 2008. 20 Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.mhlw.go.jp/wp/hakusyo/roudou/08/. 2013. 2013 12 20 139 Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.mhlw.go.jp/stf/ shingi/0000037947.html. 2014a. Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http:// www.mhlw.go.jp/file/06-seisakujouhou-11900000-koyoukintoujidoukateikyoku/ sekuhara_tokekomi_6.pdf. 2014b. 25 Retrieved August 30, 2014, from http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/itiran/roudou/ chingin/kouzou/z2013/dl/13.pdf. 1998. 310

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118 Challenges of Sexual and Gender Minorities in the Workplace: Multivariate Analyses of Income and Willingness to Continue Working Daiki HIRAMORI This research analyzes the effect of being a sexual and/or gender minority on income, and the effect of discriminatory language and behavior toward sexual and gender minorities in the workplace on willingness to continue working. Utilizing the Survey on LGBT Issues in the Workplace Environment 2014 conducted by Nijiiro Diversity, a nonprofit organization, the multiple regression analyses reveal that being a minority in terms of sexual orientation and being a transgender individual have effects on income, without control variables. With control variables, the association between income and identifying as lesbian or gay, identifying as bisexual when gender at birth was male, or being a transgender individual whose gender at birth was female became insignificant. However, even after controlling other variables, being a bisexual whose gender at birth was female, being a transgender whose assigned gender at birth was male, and possessing other sexual orientations had negative effects on income. This suggests that economic discrimination against sexual and gender minorities affects various categories of sexual and gender minorities differently. Further, findings indicate that the existence of discriminatory language and behavior toward sexual and gender minorities in the workplace has a negative effect on willingness to continue working. As this paper used a web survey, the conclusions should not be overgeneralized. Keywords: LGBT, workplace discrimination, income, willingness to continue working, Japan