2013 2 14 On the Burqa Ban in the City of Lleida: Judgment of the Supreme Court of Spain of February 14, 2013 AOTO Seiichi On October 8, 2010, the Catalan City of Lleida approved a local ordinance banning the use of integral veils such as the burqa, niqab, and other full-face masks or helmets in public spaces. The Watani Association for Liberty and Justice Asociación Watani para la Libertad y La Justicia, plaintiff/appellant filed an administrative lawsuit in the High Court of Catalonia against Lleida City, arguing the prohibition of the full-face veil violated the protection of human rights. The High Court dismissed the plaintiff s appeal, holding that the ban was in conformity with the local autonomous entity s lawmaking right. The plaintiff appealed the Catalan High Court s judgment to the Supreme Court of Spain. The Supreme Court quashed the original judgment and annulled the ordinance. Such a ban should be stipulated by law because it constitutes a limitation of the freedom to express religious beliefs. In Spain, however, such a law does not yet exist, so that it is not acceptable that fundamental human rights are restricted by ordinances because ordinances are subordinated to laws. The violation of the maintenance of public order, public safety, and the right of the others must correspond to the purpose of the ban. 135
1 2014 1. Lleida 1 2010 10 8 Asociación Watani por la Libertad y La Justicia, Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Catalunya 2011 6 7 394/2010 2 2. 3 4 5 136
21 3. 3. 1 3. 1. 1 20 137
1 2014 1977 20 89 20 3 2007 pp. 96 97 2007 pp. 106 107 3. 1. 2 Sherbert 1963 compelling governmental interest 1 Free Exercise Clause neutral, generally applicable regulatory law 138
Smith 1990 peyote Smith 1 2012 pp. 60 61 1 Establishment Clause Lemon test 3 Lemon Kurtzman 1971 139
1 2014 2012 pp. 56 57 3. 1. 3 The European Convention on Human Rights 2013 p. 14 9 2008 p. 377 The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 1994 Council of Europe 1998 5 1 2 8 140
2010 Recommendation 1927 3 13 1 laïcité 2009 p. 14 141
1 2014 2004 2 10 ostentatoire 3 15 6 600 10 Financial Times 2010 3 2 7 70 2010 7 13 9 14 8 10 7 Conseil d État 9 laiklik Leyla Sahin 10 2004 4 9 142
Ahmet Arslan 11 12 9 13 143
1 2014 2010b p. 120 3. 1. 4 Leyla Sahin Kervanci 14 2008 12 4 Ahmet Arslam 16 3 16 3 Artículo 16.3 Libertad ideológica y religiosa Ninguna confesión tendrá carácter estatal. Los poderes públicos tendrán en cuenta las creencias religiosas de la sociedad española y mantendrán las consiguientes relaciones de cooperación con la Iglesia Católica y las demás confesiones. 16 3 15 144
1979 16 17 1789 3. 2 18 19 2004 11 5 1998 5 15 145
1 2014 18 2 18 2 16 1 20 16 146
21 El País 2011 1 28 22 100 2.3 65 63 60 55 2010 6 147
1 2014 Badalona El Mundo 2013 4 1 23 3. 3 14 14 24 25 148
4. 2010 p. 16 149
1 2014 9 2 16 9 2 26 150
1 hiyab niqab burqa 2 Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia Cataluña 489/2011, de 7 de junio. 3 Sentencia del Tribunal Supremo, Sala de lo Contencioso, STS 693/2013. 4 5 16 1 la necesaria para el mantenimiento del orden público protegido por la ley 6 7 http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/d11ac1e0-2598-11df-9bd3-00144feab49a.html #axzz2nbuo0hhn 8 150 1 3 9 3 2010a: 16 10 The Case of Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, Judgment, the European Court of Human Rights Fourth Section, Strasbourg, 29 June, 2004. 11 L affaire Ahmet Arslan et autres c. Turquie, Arrêt, la Cour européenne des droits de l homme deuxième section, Strasbourg, 23 février, 2010. 12 151
1 2014 2008: 31 13 Affaire Ahmet Arslan et autres c. Turquie, Requête n o 41135/98 2010b 14 15 1945 16 Carazo Liébana Carazo Liébana, 2011, p. 54 17 Jefe del Estado símbolo de su unidad y permanencia 56 62 63 64 18 El Tribunal Constitucional 12 5 3 4 4 2 2 15 9 3 3 1 159 19 Communication No. 931/2000, United Nations International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Human Rights Committee, January 18, 2005. 20 14 21 152
22 http://elpais.com/diario/2011/01/28/sociedad/1296169203_850215.html 23 http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2013/04/01/barcelona/1364806340.html 24 2009 6 21 2010a p. 808 25 19 20 2011 pp. 210 213 26 2009 p. 16 2010 21 1 18 2007 I 5 106 107 2008 28 32 2012 60 61 2012 56 57 2008 153
1 2014 375 378 2009 COE GEMC 1 10 19 2010a 9 3 131 147 2010b 2010 2 23 49 103 120 2013 96 2013 1 33 2007 I 5 96 97 2011 7 207 223 Carazo Liébana, María José 2011. El derecho a la libertad religiosa como derecho fundamental, Universitas. Revista de Folosofía, Derecho y Política, n o 14, 43 74. 154