Ψ 1980 46 1975 2002 Ψ e-mail: sunahara@blue.interq.or.jp -1-
1985 1985 647 2001 Tibout Peterson 1 1985 2001 1998 2003 1987 2002 2001 2004-2-
2003 2004 2001 2004 1998 2001 2001 1 2/3 override -3-
100 2004 1986 2004 1970 1975 2 2000 1983 7 Reed 1986-4-
2000 1994 1993 1997 1970 1993 2002 2003 2 1970 3 Lindblom and Woodhouse 1993-5-
1988 0.95 Status Quo 3 Wilson 1989 1-6-
4 3 1975-2002 1960-70 1997 2004-7-
1998 4 8 12 2 2001 1 2001 2004 68SNA 1999 93SNA 1990 2000:462 93SNA 1990-2002 0.99 5 6 7-8-
8 9 10 11 12 3 3 4 1977-1997 5 2001 2001 2003 TSCS Time-Series-Cross-Section TSCS TSCS 2003 Newey West HAC Heteroscedasticity-Autocorrelation-Consistent -9-
White 3 1 2 3 1975-2002 1990 2 1990 1991 1990 1990 1990 1991 1991 1990 1990-10-
1990 1975-2002 45.5% 1991 1991 1991 1990 1990 3-11-
1998 3 1990 1990 20 45 2001 1 1990 2-12-
3 4 1990 1991 1 1984 1986 2 3 1989 4 2004 5 6 7 Ramseyer and Rosenbluth 1993 8 1979 1986 1979 1986 1981 1984 9 1966 3 10 11 12-13-
Variable Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max 1288 1.12 0.54 0.16 3.31 1288 1.12 0.38 0.47 2.88 1288 0.12 0.32 0 1 1288 0.03 0.18 0 1 1288 5.15 2.53 0 12 1288 0.56 0.13 0.08 0.85 1288 0.16 0.08 0.00 0.45 1288 0.25 0.43 0 1 1288 0.17 0.38 0 1 1288 0.08 0.27 0 1 1288 0.25 0.43 0 1 1288 0.23 0.42 0 1 1288 0.24 0.42 0 1 1288 14.44 0.66 13.29 15.97 1288 5.07 7.89 0.68 45.78 1288 13.73 4.17 5.30 26.00 1288 0.72 0.39 0.09 2.44 1288 0.46 0.20 0.20 1.22 1288 805,333 1,097,411 185,840 7,852,393-14-
1990 1991 1990 1991 0.013* 0.000 0.02* 0.001 0.005 0.000 (1.800) (0.020) (1.670) (0.120) (0.560) (-0.070) 0.123 0.439*** -0.065-0.106* -0.094-0.154** (1.450) (3.720) (-0.530) (-1.790) (-0.990) (-2.160) 0.177 0.362** -0.182 0.452*** 0.547*** 0.093 (1.140) (2.000) (-0.580) (2.850) (2.910) (0.500) -0.08** -0.105*** -0.019-0.099*** -0.118*** -0.031 (-2.580) (-2.970) (-0.290) (-4.480) (-4.050) (-0.950) 0.024-0.211** 0.042-0.036-0.065-0.024 (0.320) (-2.450) (0.540) (-0.920) (-1.320) (-0.480) -0.109*** -0.142*** -0.088*** -0.053*** -0.044** -0.041* (-4.760) (-4.050) (-2.610) (-3.420) (-2.010) (-1.890) -0.075*** -0.161*** -0.008-0.037** -0.054** -0.007 (-2.650) (-4.000) (-0.230) (-2.220) (-1.970) (-0.370) 0.078-0.044 0.241** 0.071** 0.042 0.164*** (1.340) (-0.660) (2.180) (2.040) (0.950) (2.950) 0.004-0.022 0.025 0.03* 0.026 0.033 (0.160) (-0.740) (0.690) (1.790) (1.140) (1.570) -0.005 0.034-0.051 0.018 0.047** -0.013 (-0.220) (1.280) (-1.470) (1.160) (2.030) (-0.680) 0.01 0.019 0.003 0.014 0.026* 0.003 (0.680) (0.970) (0.120) (1.390) (1.820) (0.260) -0.28*** -0.181** -0.353*** -0.023-0.036-0.052 (-6.040) (-2.470) (-5.120) (-0.670) (-0.580) (-1.250) 0.016*** 0.019*** 0.013*** 0.009*** 0.012*** 0.005*** (7.600) (7.850) (3.910) (5.630) (5.800) (2.730) 0.064*** 0.059*** 0.07*** -0.027*** -0.048*** -0.009 (8.310) (4.910) (6.290) (-4.830) (-4.770) (-1.130) -0.118*** -0.11** -0.174*** -0.165*** -0.12*** -0.252*** (-3.000) (-2.450) (-2.700) (-6.250) (-3.480) (-5.940) -1.367*** -1.492*** -1.204*** -1.803*** -2.064*** -1.391*** (-8.850) (-8.430) (-4.730) (-13.040) (-11.140) (-7.180) 0.000** 0.000** 0.000 0.000*** 0.000*** 0.000 (2.480) (2.160) (1.260) (-2.600) (-3.120) (-0.560) N 1288 736 552 1288 736 552 Adjusted R2 0.812 0.813 0.819 0.816 0.832 0.797 *** 1% ** 5% * 10% t -15-
1990 1991 1990 1991-0.001 0.000-0.002 0.001 0.002 0.000 (-0.640) (-0.250) (-0.820) (1.030) (1.330) (-0.270) 0.008 0.012 0.008 0.001 0.003 0.008 (0.300) (0.330) (0.230) (0.050) (0.080) (0.270) -0.038-0.010-0.083 0.011 0.009 0.035 (-0.650) (-0.130) (-0.980) (0.220) (0.130) (0.560) 0.008 0.009 0.008 0.009 0.015-0.001 (0.560) (0.490) (0.400) (1.150) (1.340) (-0.070) -0.017-0.035-0.017 0.000-0.034 0.005 (-0.830) (-1.010) (-0.780) (0.010) (-0.910) (0.370) 0.011 0.008 0.014 0.003 0.003 0.001 (1.380) (0.710) (1.230) (0.510) (0.310) (0.170) 0.003-0.008 0.011 0.000 0.005-0.003 (0.300) (-0.560) (0.930) (0.030) (0.390) (-0.380) 0.005-0.004 0.017-0.003-0.003-0.010 (0.230) (-0.110) (0.620) (-0.290) (-0.220) (-0.580) 0.001-0.004 0.006-0.002-0.004-0.001 (0.110) (-0.370) (0.540) (-0.390) (-0.450) (-0.140) 0.019** 0.015 0.022** 0.007 0.009 0.006 (2.420) (1.340) (2.160) (1.170) (1.040) (0.700) 0.002 0.004-0.001 0.006 0.011 0.001 (0.230) (0.340) (-0.060) (1.140) (1.330) (0.100) N 1242 690 552 1242 690 552 Adjusted R2 0.491 0.445 0.553 0.480 0.515 0.370 *** 1% ** 5% * 10% t -16-
1985 647 pp. 141-179. 1997. 1998. 2003 34: 261-285. 1998 13: 130-139. 1984. 2004 pp. 519-569. (1989) 51 27-62. 1975 2001 28: 70-96. 2001 36: 156-176. 1983 188-193. 2002 17: 128-141. 2004 27: 31-75. 1993. 2004 42: 20-33 2003 32: 29-49. 2004 27: 77-91. 1986. 1994 1994 3 pp. 235-277. 2001 36: 21-30. 1989 10 Lindblom, C. E. and E. J. Woodhouse 1993 The Policy-Making Process, 3 rd ed. Pretince-Hall Inc. Reed, Steven R. [1986] Japanese Prefectures and Policymaking. The University of Pittsburgh Press. Wilson, J. Q. 1989 Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do it, NY: Basic Books. -17-
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