12.1 4.22 genotoxicity ICRP 2006 DU DU UNSCEAR 2006 400 11 DU UNSCEAR RAND corporation 1999 Harley et al 1999 US Institute of Medicine 2001 the Royal Society 2001 WHO ICRP UNSCEAR 2006 2008 53... 1
48 238 2004 WHO Keith Baverstock Carmel Mothershill Baverstock 2005 DU DU Paul Zimmerman ECRR2003 ECRR2010 Zimmerman 2008 DU passive weapons Eisenbud & Gesell 2000, Busby & Schnug 2008 COMARE 2
ECRR 2001 DU Busby 2002 acknowledging Bramhall R 12.2 U-235 U-238 45 48 kev -237 0.26 MeV 24-234m 0.23 MeV 6.75 24 7 2.47 x 10 5 y -234-238 30-238 12 MBq/kg 83 mg -238 1 Bq 1 Bq/g 3.5 x 10-4 M U-234 U-238 37 MBq/kg DU 3
1996 Busby & Williams 2006, 2008, Ballardie et al 2008 UNEP UNEP Bosnia report 2002 UNEP UNEP ECRR WDU U-238 U-234 MBq/kg U-238 (α, γ) Th-234 (β) Pa-234 (β) U-234 (α, γ) 0 12.43 0 0 0 5 12.43 7.89 7.84 0.001 10 12.43 10.77 10.75 0.004 20 12.43 12.21 12.21 0.01 30 12.43 12.4 12.4 0.017 19 g/cm 3 10.96 g/cm 3 DU 1,000 nm 100 nm Busby & Morgan 2005 1000 nm 13 Royal Society 2001 120 3 kg DU 111 MBq 30 GAU3A-A 275 g 2003 1,700 Al Ani & Baker 2009 UO 2 U 3 O 8 4
Kalinich et al. 2002 30 450 DU t = 0 Glissmeyer et al. 1979 0 0.8 0.8 µm = 800 nm SHER2010 31 0.18 0.18 µm = 180 nm DU 10 20 Bq/kg 10 nbq/l DU 12.4 MBq U-238 UNEP 250,000 Bq/kg UNEP 2001, Annex 350 DU 4.3 TBq 4.3 x 10 12 Bq 13.0 x 10 12 Bq 2003 1,700 63 TBq 100 km 2 630,000 Bq/m 2-239 DU 100 km 200 km U-238 45 2 4 Pu-239 2.3 TBq/kg 350 DU 4.30 TBq 5
U-238 2 kg -239 2 kg DU U-238 Pa-234m Th-234 Bq/m 2 DU 10 0.37 TBq 3,700 350 13 TBq 130,000 ( 100 km 2 ) 1700 63 TBq 630,000 ( 100 km 2 ) 50 60-90 (Sr-90) UNSCEAR 2000 30 km Sr-90 IAEA -137 Cs-137 73.9 PBq 460 37,000 111,000 15,000 30,000 UNSCEAR Cs-137 > 37,000 1952-1996 Busby, 1995 1,350 TBq 20,000 Pu-239 U-238 U-238 Pu-239 0.2-2 µm 0.2-2 µ m g/cm 3 (UO 2 ) 10.9 ; (U 3 O 8 ) 8.3 (PuO 2 ) 11.46 + + 4.19 MeV 5.15 MeV 45.1 2 4400 37.2 MBq/kg (α+β) 2.3 TBq/kg (α) DU 175 tons 1 kg 12.3 6
DNA WDU : Weapons Derived Uranium WDU caveat 12.3.1 genotoxic - Abu Quare & Abou-Donia 2002 Craft et al 2004 2005 UNIDIR 2008 Bertell 2005 teratogenicity Hindin et al. 2005 congenital defect Hamburg 2003 WHO 8 Italian report 2001 14 7
Stuart Dyson UK Coroners Act 43 Dyson 2009 ECRR 100 ng/g IgE IgG DNA DNA ICRP BNFL 20 Hamburg 2003 cervical cancer cervical smear Papathanasiuo et al. 2005 1991 2003 McDiarmid et al. 2002 Ross Perot Factor Analysis Haley et al. 2000 8
P-31 H-1 olfactory lobe congenital disease 1998 IAEA Al Ani Baker Al Ani & Baker, 2009 congenital birth defects McGeoghegan & Binks 2000 12.3.2 LET LET Hoffman & Schmitz Feuerhake 1999 Zaire Zaire et al. 1997 Schroeder et al. 1999 150 msv 100 msv 50 1000 2001 10 40 Ibrulj et al. 2007 NATO 9
2002 UNEP Hadzici 84 peripheral lymphocyte 2007 micronuclei Ibrulj et al. 2004 Krunic et al 2005 50 mm 200 ng/l 24 neoplastic transformation Miller et al. 2002 1000 Darolles et al. 2010 aneuploidy U-235 U-238 [UO 2 ] 2+ U-238 U-238 U-235 IRSN U-238 12.3.3 Hindin et al. 2005 congenital malformations 9 8 congenital conditions Busby & de Messieres 2007 10
reproductive toxicity development toxicant Domingo, 2001 decreased fertility embryo toxicity 5 mg/kg Paternain et al. 1989 danio rerio Bourrachot et al. 2008 200 500 mg/l 3 Bq/l U-233 250 mg/l 43 15 at the pro-larval stage 100% U-233 - EPA estrogen receptor Raymond-Whish et al. 2007 0.5 mg/l 28 mg/l primary follicles uterine weight uterine luminal epithelial cell height 12.3.4 RS, 2001, 2002 nephrotoxic Ballardie et al. 2008 Manchester Royal Infirmary University of Sheffield biopsy analysis 11
Prat et al 2005 Berradi et al 2008 Goldman et al 2006 McClain et al 2002 Fukuda et al 2006 Zhu et al 2008 Zimmerman et al 2007 18 nephroblastoma 40 mg/l DU 9 DU 140 mg/mg DU 6 0.2 1 2 mg/g Renal dysfunction 0.1 0.3 1.02 mg/g 12.3.5 nasal passages olfactory bulb IESN Ca ++ IRSN low gut transfer factor Monleau et al. 2005 144 mg/kg neurotoxicity 12
Monleau et al 2005 IRSN, France Barillet et al 2007 IRSN, France Pellmar et al 1999 McDiarmid et al 1999 Briner and Murray 2005 Lestaeval et al 2005 IRSN France Barber et al 2005 U-238 U-235 ACh hippocampal slice electrophysiological 75 150 mg/l 144 µg/kg 2.6 µg/g g 1 mg/g striatum 12.4 ICRP Royal Society, WHO, SHER, RAND, ATSDR U-238 UO 2 ++ Ca ++ 1960 1992 10 10 M -1 Nielsen et al. 1992 100 ng/l DNA ECRR DNA Sr-90, Ba-140 DNA 13
DNA X X 2007 Busby 2008 200 mm 84 ng/l Gueguen et al 2007 Miller et al 2005 Miller et al 1998 Miller et al 2002 Yang et al 2002 Kalinich et al 2002 Gueguen et al 2006 Pariyakaruppan et al 2006 Grignard et al 2008 Tissandie et al 2006 Yazzie et al 2003 Busby 2005a Busby 2005b Stearns et al 2005 DU CYP P450 DU DU 0.0014% DU DU DU D DNA DNA DNA DNA 200 µm (80 ng/l) hprt DNA 14
Busby and Schung 2008 Elsaesser et al 2007 Wan et al 2006 Pattison et al 2008 Hahn et al 2002 Darolles et al 2010 SPE SPE 50 100 µm 200 µm SPE Busby DU U-235 U-238 12.5 ECRR2003 ICRP 100 ngy/h 1000 15
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