.m 5m :.45.4m.m 3.m.6m (N/mm ).8.6 σ.4 h.m. h.68m h(m) b.35m θ4..5.5.5 -. σ ta.n/mm c 3kN/m 3 w 9.8kN/m 3 -.4 ck 6N/mm -.6 σ -.8 3
() :. 4 5 3.75m :. 7.m :. 874mm 4 865mm mm/ :. 7.m 4.m 4.m 6 7
4. 3.5 type- 3. type-.5. type-3.5..5...5..5..5 3. 3.5 4. 4.5 5. (m) γ ' γ w γ + γ γk w 9.8 9.8 +.3 K ' ( γ γ w) K + γ w 8 9 4.3m cm.4m 3cm.3m.m.3m :.3 :.5 975 9896 9896 9898 9894 8.9m.5 4.47 3.94 :.5.88 :.5 :..4 :.3 7mm 3mm N38 () N35 (kn/m ) 8 7 6 5 4 3 3m m m γ kn/m 3 c kn/m 3 3 4 5 β β
.7.78rad.3m 5.8(4.3)m 3.5(.9)m 7mm 7.m.. 3.8 :.3 5mm mm 4. 4. 4. 6475...m.m.5m.4 3 5 3 55 3 3 64 4,,, 3, 7 V65mm CS93/8 3mm V C (987) mm(5) 7mm(998) (985) (cm) 5 5 5 (987) (998) 985 99 995 5 () (5) 4 5
5kN/m 7.m γkn/m 3,35,ckN/m γkn/m 3,35,ckN/m q 73kN/m α6.7 9kN/m c 7kN/m 65.7m>.4m OUT.3<.5 OUT.49<.5 OUT q 753kN/m 36kN/m c 7kN/m 67.93m>.4m OUT.34<.5 OUT.89>.5 O.K z c.35m y 4.8m q 4kN/m 36kN/m c 7kN/m 67.69m>.4m OUT.9>.5 O.K.>.5 O.K z c.35m (K-NET) a 37Gal (Gal) 6 7 L k.34(35gal).5m k.m k. k.3 γ9kn/m 3 3 k.5 K E.5..5..5 3 tan.58 tan. 45 () () K E.4+.8k h..4.6.8...4.6 k h 8 9
L 8 LL ck 4N/mm 8 ck 3N/mm,5,9 3 3-D(SD95) 3 89, 3-D(SD95) MrkN-m 8 5 4 -D(SD95) 5 5 -D(SD95) 5 8 5 Mr9kN-m(4kN-m) ().5.4m :.3 5.5m V.5m/s.5m h.5m 3
3.5m :.4 3 4 5 (kh.4) γ9kn/m 3 3 k.4 5 3 :.36 x.589 k y.965 9.kN/m k x x y y.589.6.965 6 7
NS gal() 88gal 4gal() gal 8 6 4 - -4-6 -8-88gal 5 5 5 3 gal gal 4gql 88gal3 45 ga 3 8 9 () 3 3
(a) (b) NG NG OK OK OK.6m 5kN C3kN 3 33 (a) (b) (c) 3 kn/m 3 77 kn/m 3 4.5 kn/m 3 kn/m 3 9kN/m 3 8kN/m 3 5kN kn T m 45kN kn 5kN 5kN.8m 7.m 3.8m q kn/m.5m 5kN 5kN q kn/m 45kN q 89. kn / m kn / m m. 5m 34 35
() k h >8m k h Cz k E ( k h ) a smax (gal).35.3.5..5..5.8.6..4. 5 5 5 3 35 y x x α d e / V y x V d V M + V V..85 C.7 k T G..T G <.6.6T G..5.8.6..4 V x d e d + ( x y) V 36 37 () () e 6 e 3 () /3 /3 /3 /6 /3 /6 F e 3. F 5 t e. t /3()/3 38 39
().4m.4m.4m Mr b Mo a Mr F s Mo a b F s b a F s F s F s b y V x b x V F s3 y b + V x y F t e b Fs y V x 5m 3.5m.9 5m.9m 5m :.5.4m 3. 3. 3.33.5..5. b + V x Fs y 3.53.89.3 4 4..4m F s b Fs y V x F s..m (m) b + V x Fs y b Fs y V x F s (m) F m 4 3 e-/6() e/6().5..5..5 x c / x c x c /.33 x c x c /.67 x c x c /.5 x c x c /. 4 43
m D f.7.6 µ V +.5 V Fs.5(.) γ D f K µv tan K 45 + (). V V V : : 44 45 q max q a q a N q a N (kn/m ) q q / m K n V V q K VQ a Q a Qa e ακcncsc + κqn qsq + γ βenγ Sγ F s c q q K q q / m K n 46 47
/3 CL V V d e q V M σ + q L Z q L Z 6 q V 6e M Ve ± q L /3 CL V V d q e 3d V 3d V q 3d q (kn/m ) N 4 3 :.5 q q qkn/m 3 4 5 6 7 8 (m) q 5 q a N q 5 q 3 q (kn/m ) 6 4 8 6 4 q q a N5 3mN535 qkn/m qkn/m q3.5kn/m q3.5kn/m q 5.5.5.5 3 3.5 (m) q q q 48 49 s s Q S w Q N w Q N N S Q u Q u Q S V V s w f s F N F S Q S Q N V V s f S N Q N Q S F S f F N f 5 5
q q () s Q s M z y w V y V w M h h M h V h S z S h q q q 4 S h q q 4 QVh q Q Vh (a) (b) 5 53 MM M h + M t M w l s t l l l-h/ w t w r w t t w r h/ M h M w M t Q t t q q q 3 M t q q 3 q S t q 3 h M w M t > Q Vt (a) Q Vt (b) Q Vt (c) M t M h M h M w 54 55
57 (kn3) F m Ntan F m Ntan α+ 45 N kn 45 N kn 45 kn N α F m N tan( ) 6.8kN N tan kn F m N ( + ) kn tan 373 cos sin( ) ( α) 58 59
() σ 3 σ z 3 τ τ p σ 3 K γz 45 + σ () σ σ γz p 6 56 6 6 6 54 K.97 K.99 K.3 Coulomb Two-Triangle Log-Triangle 6 6 () q () page6 h α β sin a cosψ ψ + α + b η tanα a γ a γ q b h h + γ { tanψ + cot tanψ η } ( + h) + q( + h) ( tanα + cot β ) α β γ K cos K cos αcos( α + ) + ( α) sin( + ) sin( β) cos( α + ) cos( α β) 6 63
()()() () 45 + γ K K tan 45 α b q k h cl z c α+ l k h cl +qb ( + qb)sin( ) + kh cos( ) cl cos cos( α ) c q z c tan 45 + γ γ () 64 65 m α z c γkn/m 3 3 ckn/m z c z c c tan 45+.73m γ q q z c (m)..5..95.9.85.8.75 z c z c z c.73m.7 5 5 5 3 35 () (kn/m) 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 z z c 6.9 6.5 5.9 96.8 5.9 88.8 96.73 88.3 7.97 8.36 8.33 66.5 7.95 66.4 59.53 3.48 36.6 4.9547.5353.37 c 5 5 5 3 35 () z c.73m z p z q γzk + γ p z z p z pz ( q + γz) K 66 67
a a/ β α+ α β β sin( ) cos( ) ΣV, Σ 68 69 NG LNG qkn/m qkn/m qkn/m qkn/m.5m :.5 γkn/m 3 35.5m :.5 γkn/m 3 35.m :.5 5.m 39kN/m 43kN/m 8.4 5.m 39kN/m 9kN/m.5m 8. kn/m 93.7 kn/m.5m 8. kn/m 6.9 kn/m.6m.6m 3.m 3.m 3. e.35 <.53O.K 6 F s 356.6.57 >.5 36 O.K 3. e.56 >.53NG 6 F s 33.6.45 >.5 9 NG e.6 <.7O.K 6 µ Fs. >.5 O.K e.3 >.7NG 6 µ Fs.3 >.5 NG 7 7
() qkn/m.767m :.5 qkn/m.767m :.5 β33.69 5.m 5.m 3.6m 3.6m 3.6m 6 4 3. qd F t F Vµ s 3. F. 5 e q s 8 6 4.767 5 5 5 (m) 5.m S S S S S S 7 73 () (cm) 8 6 4 4 6 8 (cm) (cm) 8 6 4 (cm) 8 6 4 4 6 8 (cm) 4 6 8 (cm) + sin( ) ( + sin( + ) sin( ) ( + sin( + ) ) ) sin( ) cos cos( ) tan sin( ) 74 75
β β β β β β β β.5m 5.m :.5 38kN/m 4kN/m 5. qkn/m γkn/m 3 35 5.m qkn/m.5m :.5 γkn/m 3 35 38kN/m 9kN/m 9.3 3.m 3. e.3 <.53O.K 6 F s 368.6.7 >.5 O.K 9 F s 3.m 3. e.4 <.53O.K 6 347.6.86 >.5 O.K 76 77 qkn/m qkn/m.5m.54m 94kN/m 8kN/m γ9kn/m 3 3 e.6 <.7O.K F s.7 >.5 O.K.5m :.5 6kN/m.5m 7kN/m e.3 >.7N.G F s.5 <.5 N.G β β.6m qkn/m OK qkn/m 94kN/m.5m 8kN/m.54m e.6 <.7O.K F s.7 >.5 O.K.5m :.5 6kN/m 5kN/m e. <.7O.K.69m.56 >.5 O.K F s 45 + 45 + sin β 45 + + β sin 45 + sin 45 + 45 + β + sin sin β sin 45 + + β sin 45 + β + sin sin β sin sin β sin 78 79
h h c β b e q d β c b a a a sin { a tanψ + cot tanψ η γ h K } K cosψ cos sin cos + + cos cos β b ( ) sin( β ) e β q d 45+/ q 45+/ sin( )sin q sin( + )sin + + cos γ cos () q 35 q/() 8 8 L L L d f b c h c α α+ c c c c c a Α K.97 Α c K.99 Α 7. K.333 Α ( + ) sin( ) + c cos( + c + α ) sin( + ) tan cos sin ( ) ( ) tanθ + sin cos ( ).34.33.3.9.8.7.6 L/ L/.3 L/.6 K.333.3 K K.3.97..4.6.8 L/ K γ () 5 5 5 Α /3..4.6.8 L/ () 8 83
L(934) ().6 L 5 57.4 5 5 59.7.5 45 75. 59.3 5 73.5 6.9. 4 (a) Sand aper all44 (b) Glass all46.5 84 85 S38S45. :.4 :.5.5 :.3 :.5. :.5 :..5 :. :.5 7. :..5 :.43 :.5 35 c kn/m 3. type.5 :.5 type.5 type3 :.5 () 6. 7. 6. 5..3.3 :. type4 :.5 :.45 6. :. :. type5 :.45 type c8.kn/m type c4.3kn/m type3 c.kn/m type4 c5.4kn/m type5 c44.6kn/m 86 87
3c 3c r3 c r p 45 c p 3 cm (m.) 35c 35c r 35 c r p 5 c p 35 cm (m.) τ p τ r p 5 p 45 p tan 45 γ r m tan 45 4 tan 45 r c m. 3 r 35 r 3 c(kn/m )(m) 88 89 p r cm c > > r γ tan r m 45 4 tan 45 γ r c > p γ tan 45 p 9 9
(om) (o.34m) 55. kn/m 48.kN/m 5.9 kn/m 33.kN/m 9 93 (L3.5m) L3.5m qrkn/m qfkn/m L.m qrkn/m qfkn/m 94 95