55 2 2018 1 000 000 インドネシアにおける農園事業許可法令の変遷 * * Historical Shift in Regulations on Plantation Business Permits in Indonesia Nagata Junji* and Koizumi Yusuke* Abstract On the Outer Islands of Indonesia the plantation sector, especially the oil palm plantation sector, has expanded dramatically in the past 40 years. One of the main factors affecting the industrial organization of the plantation sector is the government s policy and institutional framework. Among the laws and regulations determining plantation development and activities, the regulations on plantation business permits have functioned as the policy instrument to directly govern the activities of the plantation business and shape the direction of the sector s industrial organization. Between 1996 and 2013, five regulations on plantation business permits were enacted. This paper discusses the changing nature of the regulations from the viewpoint of policy intervention in the organization of the plantation sector. Ministerial Decree of Agriculture No. 786/1996, which was enacted in the last years of Suharto s regime, focused on creating an institutional environment conducive to the development of estates by plantation companies. Ministerial Decree of Forestry and Plantation No. 107/1999 and the succeeding Ministerial Decree of Agriculture No. 357/2002, which were enacted in the early period of the reform era, in a sudden reversal of policy emphasized the interests of the masses and promoted cooperatives as new operating bodies of the plantation business. However, such cooperatives did not really come into being as intended by the policies. Ministerial Regulation of Agriculture No. 26/2007 and the succeeding Ministerial Regulation of Agriculture No. 98/2013 encouraged the involvement of plantation companies as the main operating bodies of the plantation business, under the condition that they fully considered the interests of local people, including facilitating the development of smallholdings. Keywords: plantation business permit, oil palm, palm oil, Indonesia, Riau * Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan Corresponding author s (Nagata) e-mail: nagataj@humgeo.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp DOI: 10.20495/tak.55.2_240 240
I 1970 40 1 1 2 3 1996 2013 5 4 1) 2) 40 3) HGU Hak Guna Usaha HGB Hak Guna Bangunan HGU/HGB 5 Pahan 2006: 13 4) Pahan 2006 Colchester et al. 2007 NGO 241
55 2 2 40 1 2013 II 1. 2013 98 1996 perkebunan usaha perkebunan tanaman perkebunan pelaku usaha perkebunan perusahaan perkebunan pekebun badan hukum perorangan Direktorat Jenderal Perkebunan Dinas Perkebunan 5 perkebunan kelapa sawit perkebunan karet 1 5) 242
6 usaha budidaya tanaman perkebunan usaha industri pengolahan hasil perkebunan 1 perkebunan besar perkebunan rakyat 25 ha 7 BUMN=Badan Usaha Milik Negara BUMD=Badan Usaha Milik Daerah perusahaan swasta koperasi 25 ha 8 2. 1996 786 1996 1 9 1997 1980 1990 1991 229 1992 753 1991/1992 persetujuan prinsip usaha perkebunan 1996 1991/1992 6) 1 1 7) 1996 1999 1996 2013 8) Nagata and Arai 2013: 87 25 1,000 ha 9) 1996 Izin Tetap Usaha Industri Perkebunan 243
55 2 1 1996 1999 2002 2007 2013 1996 786 1999 107 2002 357 2007 26 2013 98 Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 786/Kpts/KB.120/10/96 tentang Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan Keputusan Menteri Kehutanan dan Perkebunan Nomor 107/Kpts-II/1999 tentang Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan Keputusan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 357/Kpts/HK.350/5/2002 tentang Pedoman Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 26/Permentan/OT.140/2/2007 tentang Pedoman Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian Nomor 98/Permentan/OT.140/9/2013 tentang Pedoman Perizinan Usaha Perkebunan ITUBP ITUIP IUP IUP IUP IUP-B IUP-P IUP IUP-B IUP-P 1996 1996 1996 1997 1998 reformasi 1990 2000 1999 107 1999 10 ekonomi rakyat 1999 2002 357 2002 otonomi daerah 1999 22 2000 25 1999 1999 1999 2002 10) 1999 1999 107 1999 645 244
1996 2000 2004 19 2007 26 2007 1999 2002 2000 2007 2013 98 2013 2007 propinsi kabupaten/kota Perencanaan Pembangunan Perkebunan 2 2007 2000 2013 III 1. 1996 Izin Tetap Usaha Budidaya Perkebunan ITUBP Izin Tetap Usaha Industri Perkebunan ITUIP 11 11) 1996 ITUBP ITUIP Izin Perubahan Jenis Tanaman Izin Perluasan Usaha Industri Perkebunan 245
55 2 200 ha 25 ha 200 ha ITUBP ITUIP 1996 Persetujuan Prinsip Usaha Budidaya Perkebunan Persetujuan Prinsip Usaha Industri Perkebunan 1996 1996 2 12 1999 Izin Usaha Perkebunan IUP Usaha Perkebunan Besar Sekala Besar=UPBSB 1,000 ha Usaha Perkebunan Besar Sekala Menengah=UPBSM 200 ha 1,000 ha Usaha Perkebunan Besar Sekala Kecil=UPBSK 25 ha 200 ha 1996 2002 1999 IUP 1999 2007 2013 3 IUP 12) 1996 1996 ITUBP ITUIP 246
Izin Usaha Perkebunan untuk Budidaya IUP-B Izin Usaha Perkebunan untuk Pengolahan IUP-P 2 2007 25 ha 5 IUP 1,000 ha IUP-B IUP-P 2013 25 ha IUP-B IUP-P 1,000 ha IUP 13 2007 2013 2013 2013 1996 ITUBP ITUIP 1999 2002 IUP 2007 2013 IUP IUP-B IUP-P 1 2. 1999 25 ha 1996 Tanda Pendaftaran Perkebunan Rakyat Tanda Pendaftaran Usaha Industri Perkebunan Rakyat 1999 2002 IUP Surat Pendaftaran Usaha Perkebunan SPUP 2007 2013 Surat Tanda Daftar Usaha Perkebunan STD-B Surat Tanda Daftar Usaha Industri Pengolahan Hasil 13) 2007 IUP IUP-B IUP-P 2013 IUP-B IUP-P IUP 247
55 2 Perkebunan STD-P 2007 2013 IV 1. 1996 1 Perseroan Terbatas 100 5 100 15 1999 2002 1999 2002 1 2007 2013 1996 1999 100 2007 2. 1 1 14 1999 1996 14) 1 1999 2002 2013 248
1999 1 1 1 20,000 ha 100,000 ha 15 2002 2007 1 1 1 1 2 3 100,000 ha 2007 2013 1 1 1 1 3. 1996 kelompok tani kemitraan 1999 2002 15) 1 60,000 ha 150,000 ha 2 249
55 2 2007 IUP-P 20 16 2013 2007 IUP-P 20 10 20 5 5 15 30 16) IUP-P 20 2007 10 2009 10 20 20 1 3 IUP-P 250
4. 1999 2002 1999 1 2 65 35 3 80 20 4 BOT Build, Operate and Transfer 5 BNT Bank Tabungan Negara 5 2002 petani pekebun 1999 5 6 1996 5 1999 2002 1999 2002 2000 Nagata and Arai 2013: 87 2007 251
55 2 5. PIR: Perusahaan Inti Rakyat PIR 17 1996 1990 Nagata and Arai 2013: 80 PIR 2007 11 2000 KKPA: Kredit kepada Koperasi Primer untuk Anggotanya PIR 1999 2002 2007 2007 IUP IUP-B 20 2013 20 250 ha 1999 2002 2007 2013 17) PIR 252
6. kemitraan 1996 1999 1,000 ha 2002 1 2007 2007 IUP, IUP-B, IUP-P kemitraan pengolahan kemitraan usaha 2 3 2013 kemitraan usaha perkebunan 4 2013 V 253
55 2 2 1999 2002 2000 2007 2013 1996 2013 PIR 1996 2007 2013 1996 1999 2002 PIR 2007 2013 254
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