4 139
1 WIDE MAWI WG MRTG(Multi Router Trac Grapher) WWW NNStat tcpdump - 1. WIDE 2. - 141
2 WIDE 2.1 MAWI WG NetStat WG WIDE WIDE Sun Microsystems NOC WG NNStat tcpdump Cisco NNStat MAC NOC NNStat tcpdump SNMP NNStat tcpdump 2.2 WIDE 2.1 MAWI WG SNMP MRTG(Multi Router Trac Grapher) BPF NNStat 2.3 MRTG SNMP MIB ifinoctets ifoutoctets SMNP 142
4 143 MRTG NNStat 2.1: 2.3.1-1. MRTG MRTG 2.2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1490.8 kb/s (97.1%) 722.5 kb/s (47.0%) 1502.1 kb/s (97.8%) 837.7 kb/s (54.5%)
144 1997 WIDE 2.2: - 2. NNStat NNStat IP 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 öøìöº¼ ³ Ô ÆËN ² ² Ô ÆËN ² Ðœ ÌÐÍà ÒÁÍ ÑÀÍ ÆÍ ñòëëâé ÆÄÊÍ ÆÀÊÍ ² ± ² ³ µ s 2.3: ( / )
4 145 öøìöº¼ ³ Ó ËN ± Ó ËN µ ³ Ðœ ÌÐÍà ÒÁÍ ÑÀÍ ÆÍ ñòëëâé ÆÄÊÍ ÆÀÊÍ ± ± ² ³ µ s 2.4: ( / ) ³ öøìöº¼ Ô ÆËN ² ±² ± ² Ô ÆËN ² Ðœ ÌÐÍà ÒÁÍ ÑÀÍ ÆÍ ñòëëâé ÆÄÊÍ ÆÀÊÍ ² ² ± ² ³ µ s 2.5: ( / )
146 1997 WIDE ³ öøìöº¼ Ó ËN µ ³ ² Ó ËN ± Ðœ ÌÐÍà ÒÁÍ ÑÀÍ ÆÍ ñòëëâé ÆÄÊÍ ÆÀÊÍ ± ² ³ µ s 2.6: ( / ) 2.3.2 - MRTG 2.7 2.7: - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 634.4 kb/s (41.1%) 228.6 kb/s (14.8%) 1228.5 kb/s (79.6%) 482.2 kb/s (31.2%)
4 147 2.3.3 - MRTG 2.8 2.8: - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 621.5 kb/s (40.3%) 242.5 kb/s (15.7%) 383.0 kb/s (24.8%) 61.8 kb/s (4.0%) 2.3.4 - MRTG 2.9 2.9: -
148 1997 WIDE ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3315.7 kb/s (3.3%) 1432.8 kb/s (1.4%) 9964.1 kb/s (9.8%) 4929.4 kb/s (4.9%) 2.3.5 - MRTG 2.10 MRTG 2.10: - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 2468.9 kb/s (40.2%) 909.8 kb/s (14.8%) 3337.0 kb/s (54.3%) 1259.2 kb/s (20.5%) 2.3.6 - MRTG 2.11 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 58.2 kb/s (90.9%) 33.5 kb/s (52.4%) 56.0 kb/s (87.4%) 13.8 kb/s (21.6%) 2.3.7 - MRTG 2.12
4 149 2.11: - 2.12: - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1575.6 kb/s (51.3%) 526.0 kb/s (17.1%) 598.8 kb/s (19.5%) 228.5 kb/s (7.4%) 2.3.8 - MRTG 2.13 2.13: -
150 1997 WIDE ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1255.4 kb/s (81.7%) 562.9 kb/s (36.6%) 1440.7 kb/s (93.8%) 610.8 kb/s (39.8%) 2.3.9 - MRTG 2.10 MRTG 2.14: - ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 422.2 kb/s (27.5%) 61.8 kb/s (4.0%) 1252.2 kb/s (81.5%) 255.5 kb/s (16.6%) 2.4 ( - ) NNStat NNStat 2 3 TCP UDP NNStat 1997 11 4 14:08 16:00 tcpdump TCP UDP SFC SFC SFC WIDE
4 151 2.4.1 SFC SFC 2.1 HTTP 6 HTTP FTP 5% 2% TCP 3128 Squid 2.1: tcp80 * 682744860 59.76 923740 37.38 tcp20 * 57414547 5.03 61793 2.50 tcp3128 * 29516737 2.58 58415 2.36 * tcp80 27965752 2.45 355650 14.39 udp1976 * 27797620 2.43 65794 2.66 * udp53 23638855 2.07 160914 6.51 udp53 * 22534199 1.97 145845 5.90 * tcp25 19340915 1.69 47435 1.92 tcp55925 * 16761325 1.47 15349 0.62 udp1647 * 15817942 1.38 29554 1.20 SFC 2.2 HTTP 4 HTTP 14% DNS 2% 2.4.2 SFC SFC 2.3 HTTP HTTP (47%) HTTP (25%) DNS NNTP SMTP
152 1997 WIDE 2.2: tcp80 * 682744860 59.76 923740 37.38 * tcp80 27965752 2.45 355650 14.39 * udp53 23638855 2.07 160914 6.51 udp53 * 22534199 1.97 145845 5.90 udp2600 * 5121413 0.45 70016 2.83 udp1976 * 27797620 2.43 65794 2.66 tcp20 * 57414547 5.03 61793 2.50 tcp3128 * 29516737 2.58 58415 2.36 * udp1127 3408796 0.30 55731 2.25 tcp119 * 5142795 0.45 48605 1.97 2.3: tcp80 * 403887315 46.58 451962 10.68 * tcp80 220818151 25.47 2252482 53.23 udp53 * 54644246 6.30 454564 10.74 * udp53 50020522 5.77 433461 10.24 * tcp119 29025018 3.35 39764 0.94 * tcp25 27519133 3.17 111226 2.63 tcp25 * 7582705 0.87 94722 2.24 * tcp3128 7472315 0.86 53082 1.25 * tcp1443 7451364 0.86 7191 0.17 * tcp1252 7102704 0.82 4838 0.11
4 153 SFC 2.3 HTTP HTTP 5 DNS HTTP 2.4: * tcp80 220818151 25.47 2252482 53.23 udp53 * 54644246 6.30 454564 10.74 tcp80 * 403887315 46.58 451962 10.68 * udp53 50020522 5.77 433461 10.24 * tcp25 27519133 3.17 111226 2.63 tcp25 * 7582705 0.87 94722 2.24 icmp icmp 5706782 0.66 75342 1.78 * tcp3128 7472315 0.86 53082 1.25 * tcp20 4292521 0.50 45422 1.07 * tcp119 29025018 3.35 39764 0.94 TCP/UDP SFC HTTP HTTP FTP DNS Squid % NNStat 2.5 WIDE WIDE SNMP MRTG tcpdump NNStat NOC
154 1997 WIDE ATM SNMP tcpdump IP OC-3 ( )
3 End-to-end 3.1 [27, 28] [29] (1) 1 (2) (1) (2) [27, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34] Ethernet 1/f [35] [36] WAN end-to-end end-to-end 1 155
156 1997 WIDE 3.2 RTT ( / / ) 3.1 3.1: { 1997 3 12 0:00-8:00 0.002 % 9 { CSL 1997 3 24 10:00-18:00 7.59 % 10 { 1997 11 18 10:00-18:00 2.59 % 12 1. ( traceroute ) 2. 0.1 ICMP echo request 3. reply (RTT) RTT (288,000 ) ICMP ICMP ICMP echo RTT ( ) ICMP echo RTT
3.3 4 157 2 ( ) 3.3.1 RTT 3.1 3.2 { 4 11 x ICMP echo request y RTT 80 70 Round trip time (msec) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 Time (sec) 3.1: (4 ) RTT 4 3.1 RTT 5 10 RTT Floyd [37] OSPF hello interval 10 11 1200km 3.2 3.1 RTT
158 1997 WIDE 600 x x Round trip time (msec) 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 Time (sec) 3.2: (11 ) RTT 3.2 \x" 2.6% RTT (= 60.46 ) 3.2 RTT ( ) RTT S(w) x(t) R(k) R() =E[x(t)x(t + )]; S(w) = X k R(k)exp 0jwk S(w) x(t) ( ) S(w) (f =1=w) -2 f -1 (1/f ) ( ) 3.1, 3.2 3.3, 3.4 ( log-log )
4 159 10 11 10 10 Power Spectrum 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 Frequency 3.3: (4 ) RTT 10 14 10 13 Power Spectrum 10 12 10 11 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 Frequency 3.4: (11 ) RTT
160 1997 WIDE ( 3.3 1=f 2 ) RTT 10 3.4 (1/f) ( 3.4 1=f ) 1/f RTT RTT { { (9 ) 3.5, 3.6 { 0 { SINET{WIDE 3.6 3.5 3.3 RTT 3.6 1/f Leland [27], RTT
4 161 10 14 10 13 10 12 Power Spectrum 10 11 10 10 10 9 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 Frequency 3.5: { RTT 10 15 10 14 Power Spectrum 10 13 10 12 10 11 10 10 10 9 10 4 10 3 10 2 10 1 10 0 10 1 Frequency 3.6: { RTT
162 1997 WIDE 3.3.2 RTT (Interval Distribution of Level Sets (IDL) analysis) 3.7 Round trip time L 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 x th Time 3.7: 1. RTT (x th ) RTT +22 2. RTT (x th x(t)) t (x th >x(t)) t 3. (L) L 4. (P (x <L) / e 0x ) (P (x <L) / x 0 )
4 163 10 0 10 1 P ( L) 10 2 10 3 10 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 L (sec) 3.8: { 3.8 { x L y ( log-log ) 3 \+", \x", \*" 4, 7, 11-1 3.8 1 11 (10 01 10 2 ) (/ x 01:0 ) RTT 11 RTT 1/f { { 3.9, 3.10 3.9, 3.10 \x" 6 \+" 9 3.9 3.8
164 1997 WIDE 10 0 10 1 P ( L) 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 1 10 0 10 1 L (sec) 3.9: { 10 0 10 1 P ( L) 10 2 10 3 10 4 10 1 10 0 10 1 10 2 L (sec) 3.10: {
4 165 3.10 100 3.10 9 ( ) ( ) 3.10 3.4 RTT 3 ( ) ( ) 1/f ( ) p, q t [38] P ( t) = 1 0 e 0p(t+t c) ; =10 r p : t c <0 >0 3.9, 3.10 =0 P ( t) / 1=(t + t c ) -1 { RTT
166 1997 WIDE 3.5 ICMP echo RTT RTT