Biosphere Sci (213) 広島湾とその周辺海域におけるアマモの生態的特性とその多様性
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1 Biosphere Sci (213) 広島湾とその周辺海域におけるアマモの生態的特性とその多様性 Published by The Graduate School of Biosphere Science Hiroshima University Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan December 213
2 Biosphere Sci (213) 広島湾とその周辺海域におけるアマモの生態的特性とその多様性 要旨 5 Zostera marina 24 St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.1 St.2 1-2m C.D.L. 4-6m 12-18g DWm shoots m -2 St.3 St.5 St.1 St.4 キーワード : 緒 言 Reush et al., gorogoro@affrc.go.jp
3 e.g., Morita, 2 25 材料と方法調査地および環境観測 St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 5 Fig. 1 Table 1 St.4 St St.3 27 St.2 28 St St.4 2 St.5 STD AST-1M LI-14 LI-COR アマモの分布把握と調査測線の設定 m N N St.1 (Ajina) N St.2 (Okurokami-jima) Hiroshima Bay 34. N St.4 (Ihono-sho) Yanai Bay St.3 (Yashiro-jima) St.5 (Heigun-jima) Iyo-nada Sea Fig. 1. Research site locations of Zostera marina populations in this study.
4 73 Table 1. Survey stations and date of survey in this study St. No. Location Zostera area surveyed (m 2 ) Date of Survey St.1 Ajina, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima 6,2 28th May 24 St.2 Kuroyama, Okurokami-jima, Hiroshima 2,8 27th May 24 St.3 Zushi, Yashiro-jima, Yamaguchi 6,2 25th May 24 St.4 Ihono-sho, Yanai, Yamaguchi 29,7 1st July 24 St.5 Kona, Heigun-jima, Yamaguchi 5,7 2nd July 24 DGPS AG124 調査測線における観察とアマモの株密度, 現存量等の把握 SCUBA 4 1/4 1/2 3/4 5cm 2 3 S Shallow M Middle D Deep 6 48 アマモの形態的特性の把握 m 2m 3m 5m 1 25 internode 1 1 St.2 St.4 St.5 3 St.3 35 St Fig. 2 1 Fig. 2 アマモ場内の底質環境 S M D 1cm 4cm 3 AVS IL AVS S No.21H g Wentworth m< 2 4 m 1 2 m 5 1 m 25 5 m
5 74 Rhizome Fig. 2. Morphology and measured or counted parts of sampled Zostera marina individual in a grid-samplig (subscribed protocol by Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Institute(25)) for a DNA analysis. : Length of flowering shoot; : mean length of an internode of main rhizome (mean of 1 internodes); : mean diameter of an internode (mean of 2nd, 5th and 8th internodes); : length of all vegetative shoots (originated from main rhizome); : maximum leaf width of vegetative shoots; : number of first branches from main rhizome; : number of all vegetative shoots originated from one main rhizome m m <63 m 統計的検定 5 One-way ANOVA Kruskal-Wallis test 結 果 各調査地におけるアマモ場の概要 5 6m C.D.L m Fig. 3 4 St.1 3m Fig. 35m 1m Fig. 4 8 Fig. 5A 1cm St.2 Fig. 5B 5m Fig. 3 2m 25m 6 Fig. 4 St.3 Fig. 3 4m 8m Fig. 4 2m St.4 Fig. 5C Fig. 3
6 m m 1 7 St. 1 Tr m Tr. 5 m St. St m St. 4 Tr. 5 m St m Tr. 5 m St Tr m Fig. 3. Topography and distribution of 5 Zostera populations (St.1-St.5) surveyed by a sonar in this study. A line through a bed (Tr.) indicates a transect set for a SCUBA observation. Black triangle ( ) is a center for grid-sampling of Z. marina individuals for a DNA analysis. 4m 15m 5 7 Fig. 4 St.5 Fig. 5D Fig. 3 6m 8m 5 7 Fig. 4 Table St.1 St.1 St.4.4 各調査地における株密度と現存量 Fig. 6 Fig. 5E Fig. 7 Fig.6 St.3 St.5 S M D St.3 St m -2 S m -2 M D 2 m -2 St.3 St m -2 Fig. 6
7 76 S M D St C.D. L. Depth (m) S M D S M 1 D S St. 2 St. 3 8 M 8 D St S M D St. 5 8 Distance (m) Fig. 4 Fig. 4. Topography and distribution (vertical sections) of 5 Zostera populations on a transect (Tr.) in Fig. 3. S, M and D indicate points of quadrat sampling of Z. marina. Point S (Shallow), M (Medium) and D (Deep) is located at 25%, 5% and 75% in a distance between upper and lower limits of Zostera distribution, respectively. Table 2. Environmental measurements at the dates of survey St. No. Depth range(m) of measurement Range in Water temp. ( ) Range in salinity (PSU) Extinction coefficient St St St St St St m -2 St.1 St.4 S M D m m -2 Fig. 6 Fig.7 St St St.4 St Fig. 7 Fig. 8 Fig. 5F
8 77 A B C D E F Fig. 5. A-F. Photos of Z. marina beds surveyed in this study. A: Zostera bed at St. 1 where propagation of Ulva spp. was observed; B: Zostera bed at St. 2, branching rhizomes (photographed after surface sediment was removed); C: Zostera bed at St. 4; D: Zostera bed at St. 5; E: a flowering shoot at St. 1; F: below-ground parts (rhizomes and roots) of Z. marina at St. 3. Shoot density (m -2 ) S M D T S M D T S M D T S M D T S M D T St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Fig. 6. Shoot density of 5 Zostera populations in a luxuary season of 24 in this study. Each bar of S, M and D indicates a mean of two.25 m 2 quadrats sampled at each point along a line transect (see Fig. 4). Bar of T is a mean of all quadrats. Frequency of flowering shoots (%) S M D T S M D T S M D T S M D T S M D T St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Fig. 7. Frequency of flowering-shoots in all shoots (vegetative and flowering) of 5 Zostera populations in a luxuary season of 24 in this study. Each bar of S, M and D indicates a mean of two.25 m 2 quadrats sampled at each point along a line transect (see Fig. 4). Bar of T is a mean of all quadrats.
9 78 3 St )g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Fig. 8 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St.3 St.1 S Fig. 8 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St g DWm -2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St g DWm -2 Fig. 8 St St S St.5 S 33.3 D 11.3 Fig. 8 各調査地におけるアマモの形態的特徴 1 One-way ANOVA, p<.1 Table 3 Fig. 8. Above-ground, below-ground and total biomass of 5 Zostera populations in a luxuriant season of 24 in this study. Proportion of above- and below-ground biomass to total biomass is also shown. Each bar of S, M and D indicates a mean of two.25 m 2 quadrats sampled at each point along a line transect (see Fig. 4). Bar of T is a mean of all quadrats.
10 79 3 St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 St.4 St.5 St cm St.3 5.cm St cm St.5 6.6cm Table 3 Fig. 9 1 Kruskal-Wallis test; p<.1 St.1, St.3, St St.2 St.4 St.4 3 St.1 St.3 St St.2 St St.1 St.3 St St.2 St.4 St.2 13 St.4 9 Fig. 9 アマモ場内の底質環境 S M D AVS Table 4 IL Table 5 Fig. 1 AVS St.2.26mg g sediment mg g sediment -1 Table 4 IL 3 St St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 IL St St Table 5 Table 3. Mean size of each part of Z. marina individuals of the 5 populations. Measured part is shown in Fig. 4 and were measured for 2-35 plants which were sampled by a grid-sampling method in a prescribed protocol in Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Institute(25). Asterisks indicate significant difference (p<.1) among populations detected by oneway-anova St. No. Length of flowering Length of a Diameter of a Length of vegetative Maximum width of shoot (cm) ** internode (cm) ** internode (mm) ** shoot (cm) ** leaves (mm) ** St St St St St Table 4. Amount of acid volatile sulphide (AVS) in sediment of 5 Zostera beds. Sediment were sampled at upper-limit, the Points of S, M, L and lower-limit of Zostera distribution in the transect (see Fig. 4). Unit: mg g-1 dry sediment St. No. Upper L. S M D Lower L. St St St St St Table 5. Ignition loss (IL; %) in the sediment of the 5 Zostera beds. Sampling points at each bed are the same as ones in Table 4 St. No. Upper L. S M D Lower L. St St St St St
11 8 Frequency (%) St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Mean = 1.7 M = 2.2 M = 1.5 M = 2.6 M = 1.7 Frequency (%) Fig. 9. Frequency in number of 1st branching (left) and total number of vegetative shoots (right) originated from a main rhizome (with 1 internodes, see Fig. 2) of Zostera marina individuals sampled by a grid-sampling in this study St.1 St.2 St.4 St.5 Mean = 1.9 M = 3.1 St.3 M = 1.6 M = 3.8 M = < Number of 1 st branching Total number of vegetative shoots Fig. 9 St.1 St.2 St.4 St.3 St St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 Fig.1
12 81 Composition (%) St. 1 St. 2 St. 3 U.L. S M D L.L. St. 4 St. 5 U.L. S M D L.L. > 4μm 2-4 μm 1-2 μm 5-1 μm 25-5 μm μm μm < 63 μm Fig. 1. Grain-size composition of the sediment of 5 Zostera beds in this study. Sediments were sampled at S, M, D points (see Fig. 4), a upper (U.L.) -and lower limit (L.L.) of Zostera distribution on a transect. 考 察 ,ha St.1 St St.2 St.3 St ha
13 82 St.3 6ha St St.1 1m St.4 4m St.1 St.1 3cm Uchimura et al.,24 St.2 26 St.1 St.2 St.3 St.4 St.5 4-6m St.1 St.4 St.3 St.5 Aioi, 198 Orth,
14 St.3 St.5 St.3 St.5 St.1 St.3 St.5 St.2 St.4 Halophila ovalis dugong trail Nakaoka and Aioi, 1999 St.1 St.3 St Fst St.2 St.3 Fst Fst St.1 12g DWm g DWm -2 Duarte and Chiscano g DWm g DWm -2 Nakaoka and Aioi, g DWm g DWm g DWm g DWm g DWm g DWm St g DWm St kg WWm -2 21g DWm kg WWm -2 87g DWm -2 22
15 Shoji et al., Hori et al., 29 謝 辞 引用文献 Aioi, K., 198. Seasonal change in the standing crop of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Odawa Bay, central Japan. Aquatic Botany, 8: pp I Duarte, C. M., Chiscano, C. L., Seagrass biomass and production: a reassessment. Aquatic Botany, 65: Hori, M., Suzuki, T., Monthum, Y., Srisombat, T.,Tanaka, Y., Nakaoka, M., Mukai, H., 29. High seagrass diversity and canopy-height increase associated fish diversity and abundance. Marine Biology, 156: pp pp pp
16 Morita, K., 2. Restoration of eelgrass bed. Environmental Science, 7: Zostera marina L. pp pp Nakaoka, M., Aioi, K., Growth of seagrass Halophila ovalis at dugong trails compared to existing withinpatch variation in a Thailand intertidal flat. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 184: Nakaoka, M., Aioi, K., 21. Ecology of seagrasses Zostera spp. (Zosteraceae) in Japanese waters: A review. Otsuchi Marine Science, 26: pp Orth, R. J., Effect of nutrient enrichment on growth of the eelgrass Zostera marina in the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, USA. Marine Biology, 44: Reusch, T. B. H., Stam, W. T., Olsen, J. L., 2. A microsatellite-based estimation of clonal diversity and population subdivision in Zostera marina, a marine flowering plant. Molecular Ecology, 9: Shoji, J., Sakiyama, K., Hori, M., Yoshida G., Hamaguchi, M., 27. Seagrass habitat reduces vulnerability of red sea bream Pagrus major juveniles to piscivorous fish predator. Fisheries Science, 73: Uchimura, M., Yoshida, G., Hiraoka, M., Komatsu, T., Arai, S., Terawaki, T., 24. Ecological studies of green tide, Ulva spp. (Chlorophyta) in Hiroshima Bay, the Seto Inland Sea. Japanese Journal of Phycoogy, 52 (Supplement):
17 86 Ecological traits and their diversities of five Zostera marina populations in and around Hiroshima Bay, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan Goro Yoshida 1), Terumi Tanimoto 2), Satoshi Aida 3), Atsushi Kajita 4), Hiroshi Mizutani 4), Shigeyuki Omoto 5), Kenji Saito 6), Akihiko Moriguchi 7), Masakazu Hori 1), Masami Hamaguchi 1) and Toshinobu Terawaki 1) 1) National Research Institute of Fisheries and Environment of Inland Sea, Fisheries Research Agency, Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima , Japan 2) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima , Japan 3) Fisheries & Marine Technology Center, Hiroshima Prefectural Technology Research Institute, Kure, Hiroshima , Japan 4) Aquatic Research Inc., Hiroshima, Hiroshima 73-52, Japan 5) Eight-Japan Engineering Consultants Inc., Okayama, Okayama 7-87, Japan 6) National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-4, Japan 7) National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering, Fisheries Research Agency, Kamisu, Ibaraki , Japan Abstract Ecological traits of five Zostera marina populations in and around Hiroshima Bay were investigated in a luxuriant season of 24. Study sites were located at the most inner (Ajina; St.1), center (O-kurokami-jima; St. 2) and near the mouth area (northern coast of Yahiro-jima; St. 3) of Hiroshima Bay, and at the inner area (Ihono-sho; St. 4) and the outside (Heigun-jima; St.5) of Yanai Bay which is the strait adjacent to Hiroshima Bay. The distribution depth (C.D.L.) was different among the populations. The lower depth of Zostera distribution was limited to 1-2 m at St.1 and 2 by algal-mat of Ulva spp. and other macroalgae, though it was 4-6 m at St Mean biomass was ranged in 12-18g DWm -2, but shoot size and density was different among the populations. Mean density ranged between shoots m -2, and the populations at St.3 and 5 exhibited higher densities with smaller shoots especially in shallow stands of the two population. These stands also exhibited higher proportion of below-ground biomass to total biomass. On the contrary, populations in inner areas (St. 1 and 4) exhibited lower density with larger shoots. Physical conditions such as water motion induced by waves were different among the habitats which were shown in grain size compositions of the sediments, and this could affect the ecological traits of each Z. marina population. Key words: biomass, density, local population, seagrass, Zostera marina
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