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1 J. Struct. Constr. Eng., AIJ, Vol. 77 No. 674, , Apr., 2012 Satoshi FUJIMOTO Construction photo-editing has prevailed among the Japanese construction industries as digitalization of photography becomes popular. Some of these photo-editing are made on as-needed basis in construction management process, while some are found to be the forgery of construction record. In this paper, categorization of photo-editing methods are firstly made based on the case survey in construction industries. Secondly, technical requirements of construction photo-editing detection method is summarized with particular consideration for editing needs in construction management processes. Thirdly, we have proposed a newly developed photo-editing detection method called OI expected-noise method, and examined the performance using simulated samples of edited construction photography. The method has shown high detection performance and fulfilled the above mentioned requirements. Keywords : Construction photography, photo-editing, Detection of Forgery, Construction management, Construction record, Information technology 1) 2) 3) ) () 5) ) 2) 1)OI 3) 2) 1) Assist. Prof., Graduate School of Eng., Social Environment and Space Div., Hiroshima Univ., Dr. Eng. 647

2 E-1E-9 1 5) 15) ) 1 E-1 E-5 E-1E-5 11) 14 (E-2)(E-3) E-1E-5 Exif E-6E-9 E-6 2.1, 2.2 E E-1 E-5 E-6E-9 1-1) 1 Exif 11) (E-1) (E-2E-5) E-7E-9 8,9) -2) -3) E-1E-5-4) E-6E-9-5) 648

3 23) ) 25,26) Color Filter Array 27,28) 29) JPEG 30) Lucáš 25) Mahdian 31) Lucáš 25) ( -2 )( -3 Fixed Pattern Noise Mahdian 31) ( -1 ) ) 2) 25) CCD D (1) 32,33) denoise D denoised (2) D f ) S DC Q ( KI N N N N (1) D denoised f (KI ) (2) 1) I K i CCD N S 33 N DC 32 32,34) N N Q 35) f x, y CCD () (1) f (KI) 2) denoise V (3) denoised ' s V [ D D ] f x, y ( K x, y I,, x, y )(V DC [ N ] I,N (3) DC Q V [ N ] V[ N ]) V[ N ],I 3.1 1) 5-10,16) (3 CCD ( x, y ) D D denoised, x, y (3) (4) S I f '( KI )(VI [ N ] (4) DC Q V [ N ] V[ N ]) V[ N ] I denoise V[ D, D, ] (4) GB I GB D i.e. egion Of Interest, OI I (5) D OI OI C if var OI N I C then (5) I ' {1,2,3... N} CCD ( x, y ) ( ' x ', y ) ' x' {1,2,3... X } ' {1,2,3... Y } OI OI OI x' [ xmin, xmax ] OI OI [ y min, ymax ] GB COL {, G, B} I P [0,255] D ' denoise D denoised ' ' x', y P ) P denoised ) (5)(6) COL if var OI N C then (6) OI OI OIX xmax x OI OI min OIY ymax y min denoised P ') P ') P ') P P GB P P D ' s.t. P i N X ' Y ' 1 2 (6a) P ') P ') NX ' Y ' 1 ' 1 x'

4 OI N 1 N i OIX OIY ) (6b) var var ( ioi OI 1 OIX OIY 1 OI x max OI xmax OI OI x' xmin xmin P ) P 2 (6c) ) (6)denoise 36,37) Non-Local-Means 38) 1 PC web 2 (6a) 1 OIX, OIY OI (6) -1 Exif ( 1 E-1 2 (ex ) 25) C % (6a) N 10 P-1 10 P-2 (, 10 () P-3 10 P-4 ( 10 1 P-5 24 P-6 29 P-7 32 P-8 26 P

5 1 Denoise P 3 2 P 4 P 6a 4 P-3 P-3 ex. ISO400 Lucáš Mahdian 31) 5 3) P-5P-9 P-7 P , 255 OI C ( 6a,6b (6)GB C 6 GB 5 GB GB 7 P-6 B (6) OI COL ( 6 ) G ex. COL -2 P-5 2 P-5A, P-5B 8 2 var N 1.0 var N 8 P-6P-7 var N

6 var N Wilcoxon 39) P-5A P-5B 2 (p< =0.05) r>0.5 (ex. X E(X ) 2 2 E( N ) E( N ) N DC N N Q 32,33,35 N S 32 E( N ) E( N ) 10 P 0, 255 (P-1P-9 ( 1, E , 16, 32, 64, 128 (FILL) (GAD) GAD-N GB OIX, OIY( 6 Exif 2.2 (7a)(7b) OI OI edited OI 12 OI 80% p fp number of OI s.t.eq.(6) is true number of "edited" OI number of OI s.t. eq.(6) is true number of "Un - edited" OI 100 (%) (7a) 100 (%) (7b) (1 E W =E H OI 1 OI 652

7 OI ( 1 E-6) 12 OI OI 1 16pixels pixel OI 1024 pixels OI OI 1 32pixel (OIX =OIY32) 1 128pixels E W =E H =128OI (GAD) 14 OI FILL (OIX=OIY32)FILL denoise 14 (GAD-N) 0.5%% 1 E-1E-5 GB bit ex. 3.2 (6) C 0. 2 (6) C 0.1% 15 50percentile P-1 0.5% 0.0% 5 () 50% 5 3) 5 () GB GB GB GB 653

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9 ( -3) (P-5P-9) ( ) ( P-3) 50%, 25% % 80% 1%25% 40 ( ) 25% 25,31) 11) OI 50%, 25% 2 20 OI 25,31) 24) JPEG 30) E-1E OI (E-5) 80% 1% E-1 E-5 E-1E-5 (E-6) 1 & (E-7E-8)(E-9) OI 4.3 OI 100% ( 20 A FID 655

10 1) :,2011.3, houhi.html, ( ) (): (, , 22.html, ( ) 3),,, :,, pp.55-65, Vol.11, ) :, pp.26-27, , kensetsu-plaza.com/backnumber/details.php?no=24 ( ) : (), 18 1, ) :, pp.6-7, , 7) : p.8, ) :, pp.2-3, ) NEXCO, NEXCO, NEXCO : ver.2.00, (), p.10, ) () : (),p.1, ) ():, nfodb/software_list/hikakuhyou/gazou.pdf, ( ) (JEITA): Exchangeable image file format for digital still cameras : Exif Unified Version 2.21 (CP-3451-B), ) :, JACIC , douga/071114morikawa0103/contents/index.html ( ) 14) IT :, , setsu-plaza.com/cad/special_topic/2009/04/topic02.html ( ) C. ey, J-L.Dugelay: A Survey of Watermarking Algorithms For Image Authentication, EUASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing, pp , Vol.2002, Issue 1, ), 2, ),, :,, pp ) IT 2,, pp.74-75, ),, pp.86-87, ), :,, pp.30-46, ),, p.45, ) : () 22, ( ) T.V. Lanh, K.S. Chong, S. Emmanuel, M.S. Kankanhalli: A Survey on Digital Camera Image Forensic Method, pp16-19, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, ) K.S. Choi, E.Y. Lam, K.K.Y. Wong: Source Camera Identification Using Footprints from Lens Aberration, Proc. of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imaging, pp.60690j j-8, SPIE Vol.6069, ) J. Lucáš, J. Fridrich and M. Goljan: Detecting Digital Image Forgeries Using Sensor Pattern Noise, Proc. of Society of Photo- Optical Instrumentation Engineers Conference, Vol. 6072, pp , ) Z.J. Geradts, J. Bijhold, M. Kieft, K. Kurosawa, K. Kuroki, N. Saitoh, Methods for Identification of Images Acquired with Digital Cameras, Proc. of SPIE, Enabling Technologies for Law Enforcement and Security, vol.4232, ) A.C. Popescu, H. Farid : Exposing Digital Forgeries in Color Filter Array Interpolated Images, IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, pp , Vol.53, No.10, ) S. Bayram, H. T. Sencar, N. Memon, and I. Avcibas: Source Camera Identification Based on CFA Interpolation, pp.69-72, IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, ) M.K. Johnson, H. Farid: Exposing Digital Forgeries by Detecting Inconsistencies in Lighting, Proc. of the 7th Workshop on Multimedia and Security, pp.1-10, ) S. Ye, Q. Sun, E.C. Chang: Detecting Digital Image Forgeries by Measuring Inconsistencies of Blocking Artifact, IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo, pp.12-15, ) B. Mahdian, S. Saic: Using noise inconsistencies for blind image forensics, Image and Vision Computing, pp , Vol. 27, Issue 10, ) G. E. Healey,. Kondepudy: adiometric CCD Camera Calibration and Noise Estimation, IEEE Transaction on Pattern ecognition and Machine Intelligence, pp , Vol.16, No.3, ) Y.Tsin, V. amesh, T. Kanade: Statistical Calibration of CCD Imaging Process, 8th International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV'01), pp , Vol.1, ). Widenhorn, M.M. Blouke, A. Weber, A. est, E. Bodegom : Temperature dependence of dark current in a CCD, Proc. Of SPIE, pp , Vol.2669, ) A.V. Oppenheim,.W. Schafer: Digital signal processing, Prentice Hall International Editions, ) M.C. M. Mukesh C. Gadiya.C. Motwani,F. C. Harris Jr.: Survey of Image Denoising Techniques, Proc. of Global Signal Processing Expo and Conference(GSPx), pp27-30, ) A. Buades, B. Coll, J.M. Morel: A review of image denoising methods, with a new one, Multiscale Modeling and Simulation, pp , Vol.4, No.2, ) A. Buades, B. Coll, J.M. Morel, A Non-Local Algorithm for Image Denoising, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern ecognition (CVP'05), pp.60-65, Vol.2, ) D.F. Bauer: Constructing confidence sets using rank statistics, Journal of the American Statistical Association, Vol.67, No.339, pp , ) JPEGclub.org: jpegtran, ( ),, pp , ) N 33 N 32 denoise 2) 2 32 (1) f 33 3)

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