スライド 1

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かずきみのしま
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1 CMOS : swk(at)ic.is.tohoku.ac.jp

2 [ 2003] [Wong1999] 2

3 : CCD CMOS 3

4 : CCD Q Q V 4

5 : CMOS V C 5

6 6

7 CMOS light input photon shot noise α quantum efficiency dark current dark current shot noise dt time integration reset noise 1/ C fixed pattern noise voltage conversion voltage output ( iph + id ) t + Qshot + Qreset V out = + V C 2 Q i i ) t V shot = ( ph + d FPN Q = ktc 2 reset FPN 7

8 V t 8

9 ( iph + id ) t + Qshot + Qreset V out = + V C α i ph FPN α / C 9

10 C 10

11 ( iph + id ) t + Qshot + Qreset V out = + V C 2 Q = i i ) t shot ( ph + d 2 Q reset = ktc FPN 11

12 V 12

13 13

14 DR [db] = 20 log i i upper lower t 14

15 t V 15

16 [Yadid-Pecht1997] t 16

17 [Decker1998] t 17

18 e.g. [ 2002] [Kleinfelder2001] t 18

19 time ramp V t threshold e.g. [Miyagawa1995] [Lule1999] 19

20 I D = I expα( V 0 GS V T ) 20

21 bitx ramp D Q ~en [Yang1999a] ramp bitx ( ) 21

22 A-D T 2T 4T 8T t [Yang1999b] 22

23 Local Memory ALU t 23

24 V DD V DD V ref V ref 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6 t 7 0 t 1 t 2 t 3 t 4 t 5 t 6 t 7 24

25 A-D i k V k V DD t k 0 25

26 A-D i k = 0.03 I 0 (64 k) i k = 0.03 I 0 x 1.12 (64 k) Histogram-equalizing scale t max = 8[ms] linear logarithmic histogramequalizin g linear logarithmic histogramequalizin g instruction step photocurrent (scaled byi 0 ) 26

27 27

28 4 1.5 TX 6 Tr. / 4 pixel = 1.5 Tr / pixel reset vertical signal line [Takahashi2004] 28

29 References [ 2003] : CCD/CMOS, CQ, [Wong1999] H-S. P. Wong and A. El Gamal, Single-Chip CMOS Imaging Systems (Imagers), 1999 ISSCC Tutorial, [Yadid-Pecht1997] O. Yadid-Pecht and E. Fossum: Wide Intrascene Dynamic Range CMOS APS using Dual Sampling, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol.44, no.10, pp , [Decker1998] S. Decker, R. D. McGrath, K. Brehmer and C. G. Sodini: A 256x256 CMOS Imaging Array with Wide Dynamic Range Pixels and Column-Parallel Digital Output, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.33, no.12, pp , [ 2002],, : CMOS,, IPU , [Kleinfelder2001] S. Kleinfelder, S. Lim, X. Liu and A. El Gamal: A Frames/s CMOS Digital Pixel Sensor, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.36, no.12, pp , [Miyagawa1995] R. Miyagawa and T. Kanade: Integration-Time Based Computational Image Sensors,, IPU95-59, [Lule1999] T. Lule, B. Schneider and M. Bohm: Design and Fabrication of a High-Dynamic-Range Image Sensor in TFA Technology, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.34, no.5, pp , [ 2000],,,,, : CMOS,, vol.54, no.2, pp , [Yang1999a] D. X. D. Yang, B. Fowler and A. El Gamal: A Nyquist-Rate Pixel-Level ADC for CMOS Image Sensors, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.34, no.3, pp , [Yang1999b] D. X. D. Yang, A. El Gamal, B. Fowler and H. Tian: A 640 x 512 CMOS Image Sensor with Ultrawide Dynamic Range Floating-Point Pixel-Level ADC, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol.34, no.12, pp , [Astrom1998] A. Astrom, R. Forchheimer and P.-E. Danielsson: Intensity Mappings Within the Context of Near- Sensor Image Processing, IEEE Trans. Image Processing, vol.7, no.12, pp , [2003],,, : A-D,, vol.57, no.3, pp , [Takahashi2004] H. Takahashi, M. Kinoshita, K. Morita, T. Shirai, T. Sato, T. Kimura, H.Yuzurihara, S. Inoue: A 3.9um Pixel Pitch VGA Format 10b CMOS Image Sensor with 1.5-Transistor/Pixel, 2004 IEEE Int. Solid- State Circuits Conf., p.108,

スライド 1

スライド 1 swk(at)ic.is.tohoku.ac.jp 2 Outline 3 ? 4 S/N CCD 5 Q Q V 6 CMOS 1 7 1 2 N 1 2 N 8 CCD: CMOS: 9 : / 10 A-D A D C A D C A D C A D C A D C A D C ADC 11 A-D ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC ADC A-D 12 ADC