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1 The Chemistry of Shikonin, an Ancient Purple Pigment, and its Derivatives. Akira TERADA*, Yasuhiro TANOUE** and Hiroshige TANIGUCHI* The roots of Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. and Zucc., (violet root, Japanese name, Shikon) contain shikonin and its esters as purple pigments. The coloring matter of the root of Alkanna tinctoria in Europe is amixture of the enantiomeric alkannin and its esters. The racemic compound of shikonin and alkannin was named shikalkin by R. Kuhn and H. Brockmann. From ancient times these purple pigments have been well-known as valuable materials having antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor actions, and as ancient purple deys and cosmetics. Here, the history, structural determination, synthesis and pharmacology of shikonin, alkannin, and their derivatives will be reviewed. * Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology * * Department of Food Science and Technology, Shimonoseki University of Fisheries
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3 Table 1 The up-today reported naturally occurring shi konin and alkannin derivatives.
4 Table 2 % Yield of shikonin and its acyl derivatives from shikon extracts.
5 Scheme 4
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