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1) Sheffield, F. J., Gersten, J. W and Mastellone, A. F. : Electromyographic study of the muscles of the foot in normal walking. Med., 35, 223-%-236, 1956. Am. J. Phys. 2) liondo, S.

19 1) Sheffield, F. J., Gersten, J. W and Mastellone, A. F. : Electromyographic study of the muscles of the foot in normal walking. Med., 35, 223-%-236, Am. J. Phys. 2) liondo, S. : Anthropological study on human posture and locomotion. Mainly from the point of electromyography. Jour. Fac. Univ. Tokyo, Sec. 5, Vol. 2, part 2, , ) Suzuki, R. : Function of the leg and foot muscles from the viewpoint of the electromyogram. J. Jap. Orthop. Ass., 30, , ) Radcriffe, C. W. : The biomechanics of blowknee prostheses in normal, level, bipedal walking. Artificial Limbs, 6, , ) Batty, C. 11 and Joseph, J. : An investigasion by telemetering of the activity of some muscles in walking. Med and Biol, Eng., 4, , ) Milner, M., Basmajian, J. V and Quanbury, A. 0. : Multfactorial analysis of walking by electromyography Med., 50-5, , and computer. Am. J. Phs. 7) Herman, R. M., Wirta, R., Bampton, S and Finley, F. R. : Human solutions for locomotion : Single limb analysis. Neural control of locomotion, 13-49, ed. Herman, R. M., Griliner, S., Stein, P. S. G and Stuart, D. G. Plenum Press, New York, ) Townsend, M. A., Shiavi, R., Lainhart, S. P and Caylor, J. : Variability in synergy patterns of leg muscles during climbing, descending and level walking of highly-trained athletes and normal males. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 18, 69-80, ) Basmajian, J. V. : Muscles Alive, 4th ed., The Williams and Wilkins Co., Baltimore, ) Okamoto, T. : Electromyographic study of the function of M. rectus femoris. Res. J. Physical Education, 12, , ) Yamashita, N. : The mechanism of generation

20 and transmission of force in leg extension. J. Human Ergol., 4, 43-%-52, ) Yamashita, N and Kumamoto, M. : Force generation in leg extension. Biomechanics V-B, , ed. Komi, P. V. University Park Press, Baltimore, ) Jonsson, B and Komi, P. V. : Reproducibility problems when using wire electrodes in electromyographic kinesiology. New developments in electromyography and clinical neurophysiology, 1, , ed. Desmedt, J. E., ) Mussen, M. : Kinesiology of the transplanted muscle, Part 2: The muscular pattern of normal gait in healthy subjects. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 17, , ) Kameyama, 0., Oka, IL, Hashimoto, F and Kumamoto, M. : Electromyographic study of the ankle joint muscles in normal and pathological gaits. Biomechanics 50^-54, ed. Morecki, A., Fidelus, K. et al. University Park Press, Baltimore, ) Grinner, S. : Locomotion in vertebrates : Cen- tral mechanisms and reflex interaction. Physical Med., 54, , ) Cavagna, G. A., Thys, H and Zamboni, A. : The sources of external work in level wakling and running. J. Physiol., 262, , ) Cavagna, G. A and Franzetti, P. : Mechanics of competition walking. J. Physiol., 315, , ) Duvall, E. N. : Kinesiology, The anatomy of motion. Prentice-Hall N. J., Inc. Englewood Cliffs, graphic analysis muscular activity in the hindlmb of the cat during unrestrained 27) Engberg, I and Lundberg, A. : An electromy- locomotion. Acta. Physiol. Scand., 75, , ) Ralston, H. I., Todd, F. N and Inman, V. T. : Comparison of electrical activity and duration of tension in the human rectus femoris muscle. Electromyogr. Clin. Neurophysiol., 16, 277-N-286, ) Robertson, D. G. E and Winter, D. A. : Mechanical energy generation, Absorption and tr ansfer amongest segments during walking. J. Biomechanics, 13, 845-N-854, 1980.

21 Electromyographic Study on Lower Limb Muscle Activities During Normal Gait Cycle Hideo Oka Osaka Kyoiku University High School, Ikeda-shi 563, Japan Objectives of this paper were to elucidate essential electrical discharge patterns of lower limb muscles and their variabilities during a normal gait cycle. Subjects employed in the experiments were 217 healthy adults of both sexes, ranging in age from 18 to 22 years, and they had no disorder in the lower limb or the central nervous system in their medical history. Electromyograms (EMGs) were recorded from the Tibialis anterior (Ta), the Gastrocnemius lateral head (Gl), the Vastus medialis (Vm), the Gluteus maximus (Gm), the Rectus femoris (Rf), the Medial Hastrings (MH), and the Biceps femoris (Bf) by conventional method using surface electrodes. Angular changes of the ankle, knee and hip joints and time signals at the heel and the toe contacts with the ground were simultaneously recorded with the EMGs. The essential EMG patterns of the lower limb muscles during a normal gait cycle were conclusively summarized : 1) The ankle joint muscles ; i) The marked discharge of the Ta was observed in the period from the end of the swing phase to the early part of the stance phase, and in the period from the end of the stance phase to the early part of the swing phase. ii) The Gl showed the main discharge in the latter half of the stance phase, and showed almost complete electrical silence in the former half of the swing phase. 2) The knee and hip joint muscles ; i) The discharge of the Vm started at the latter half of the swing phase and increased abruptly just before or after the heel contact. The marked discharge of the Vm lasted into the first double leg support period. ii) The discharge of the Gm started at the latter half of the swing phase and increased just before or after the heel contact. The Gm showed the continuous discharge during the former half of the stance phase. iii) The main discharge of th Rf was similar to that of the Vm, and the Rf did not show distinguished activity in the former half of the swing phase. iv) The MH and the Bf showed the marked discharges from the the latter half of the swing phase to just before or after the heel contact, but little or no discharge in the former half of the swing phase. In addition to the essential EMG patterns, the variations in the EMG patterns which were found to be within ranges of the normal activities were as follows : 1) The ankle joint muscles

22 152 IMMJat i) The distinguished discharge of the Ta at about the mid-swing phase appeared in about 85% of the subjects. ii) The discharge variation of the G1 was hardly observed during the gait cycle. 2) The knee and hip joint muscles ; i) The discharge of the Vm was seen around the mid-stance phase and in the second double leg support period in about 20% of the subjects. ii) The discharge variations of the Gm were similar to those of the Vm. iii) The discharge of the Rf appeared around the mid-stance phase in less than 20% of the subjects and at the end of the stance phase in about 80%. iv) In about 60% of the subjects the marked discharges of the MH and the Bf in the latter half of the swing phase decreased or disappeared abruptly around the heel contact ; however, in the other 40%, the discharges continued until the midstance phase. The discharges of the MH and the Bf at the end of the stance phase were observed in less than 20% of the subjects. The marked discharges of the MH and the Bf decreased or disappeared abruptly at the moment when the Rf abruptly increased its electrical activity around the heel contact, and the spike sessation lasted until the moment when the Rf decreased its activity. It was suggested that the spike inhibition in the MH and the Bf might be due to an antagonistic inhibition caused by facilitation of the Rf.

Table 1 Muscle weight (g) and those ratio (%) in M. quadriceps femoris Table 2 Cross-sectional area (mm2) and those ratio (%) in M, quadriceps femoris

Table 1 Muscle weight (g) and those ratio (%) in M. quadriceps femoris Table 2 Cross-sectional area (mm2) and those ratio (%) in M, quadriceps femoris Fig. 1 Comparison of cross-sectional area in human