201 (1) 1990 Khon Chan Klang 2000a Hsiao and So 1999: 10_13

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2 201 (1) 1990 Khon Chan Klang 2000a Hsiao and So 1999: 10_13

4 Wilson 1962: 274_275 (2) Riggs 1966 vs T NSO 1960: 28_ Tominaga et al. 1970a: 4

5 , 70, 80, 90 NSO, Population & Housing Census, 2000NSO, Labor Force Survey, 2000R1 1, , , , ,063 Tominaga et al. 1970b: : 15, 46_50

6 205 Chaloemkiat 1990: GDP Dixon 1999 GDP T

7 NESDB, Phalitaphan Phak lae Cangwat, pii2528, pii : 309_312 (3) (4) (5)

8 207 GRP GDP ,715 12,838 45, , , ,537 5,005 20,447 30,701 57, ,454 2,739 10,511 20,401 31, ,046 1,782 6,294 13,152 20, ,594 3,958 14,052 24,803 39, ,056 3,956 15,280 38,908 61,335 Sheehan 1993 NESDB, Phalitaphan Phak lae Cangwat, pii % , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Sukanya and Pornchai 1990:

9 208 (6) new moyen bourgeoisie new petty bourgeoisie Anderson

10 209 Juree 1979 Girling 1981 Girling 1981: 120_121, 144_147, 177_ : 311_

11 210 Christiansen 1993 Anek 1995: 32_33 Anek 1995: 11_

12 (7) 11 Sungsit and Pasuk eds Voravidh 1993: 125 Nithi 1993: 54

13 212 Sungsit and Pasuk 1993: 108_109 Nithi 1993: 52, 64 (8) 1990 Nithi Girling 1996: 57

14 Hsiao and So 1999: 10_ T

15 214 (9) NGO (10) 1994 WC 19

16 215 N WC 31.6 (11) WC WCWC WC WC 1990 (12)

17 BMA 1, N BMA WC ,460 39,573 13, ,439.4 WC ,940 21,705 12, ,51.2 Manual ,288 27,694 10, ,55.9 WC ,546 18,689 4, ,37.9 Manual ,715 15,128 3, , ,020 14,444 12, ,107.5 N BMA WC ,978 36,586 WC ,591 11,646 Manual ,888 9,111 WC ,268 16,940 Manual ,690 9, ,931 3,704 WC

18 217 N BMA WC ,613 41,277 N=400 WC ,171 24,181 Manual ,824 27,970 WC ,604 19,458 Manual ,384 14, ,188 13,438 WC ,000 40,694 N=89 WC ,400 25,625 Manual ,375 50,000 WC ,371 15,865 Manual ,121 19, ,500 22,500 WC ,672 33,333 N=193 WC ,000 15,705 Manual ,625 20,375 WC ,617 18,250 Manual ,807 14, WC WC 8 a

19 218 WC WC Manual WC Manual WC WC WC Manual R R p 0.05 p WC WC WC Manual R R p 0.01 p 0.001

20 219 8 a 8 b (13) WC WC WC 51 WC

21 220 \ 30 MC WC Manual N= WC Manual WC WC WC Manual N= \ MC WC Manual N= WC Manual WC WC WC Manual N= \ 45 MC WC Manual N= WC Manual WC WC WC Manual N=

22 WC (14)

23 N= WC WC Manual WC Manual WC WC Manual WC Manual

24 223 % (15) \ \

25 WC WC Manual WC Manual BMA WC WC Manual WC Manual p 0.05 p

26 WC WC Manual WC Manual BMA WC WC Manual WC Manual p

28 NSO 1998: R3 (16) (17)

29 NGO

30 229 \ \ a \ 1978 Ammar 1991 \ \fi GRP : 255 \fl Khana Sethasat 1983 \ \ NGO NGO Hewison 1996a 1996b Surin \ Funatsu 1997

31 230 \ \ 11 WC \ Chalorngphob et al. 1988: 76_ c \ 13 \ \ 15 % 40% % \ 16

32 231 \ 15 Kasian Tejaphira Anek NTT a 2000b 2000c

33 Anderson, Ben 1977 Withdrawal Symptoms: Social and Cultural Aspects of the October 6 Coup, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, July-September. Anek Laothamathas 1996 A Tale of Two Democracies: Conflicting Perception of Elections and Democracy in Thailand, in Robert Tylor ed., The Politics of Elections in Southeast Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Ammar Siamwalla 1991 Land Abundant Agricultural Growth and Some of Its Consequences: The Case of Thailand, paper presented at Intl Food Policy Research Institute Conference on Agriculture on the Road to Industrialization held in Taipei, September 4_7, Chalornphob Sussangkarn, Direk Patamasiriwat, Teera Ashakul, Kobchai Chimkul 1988 The Long-term View on Growth and Income Distribution, Bangkok: Thailand Development Research Institute TDRI. Christiansen, Scott 1993 Democracy Without Equity: The Institutions and Political Consequences of Bangkok-based Development, Bangkok: TDRI. Dixon, Chris 1999 The Thai Economy: Uneven Development and Internationalization, Londdon and New York: Routledge. Funatsu Tsuruyo 1997 Environmental Disputes in Thailand in the First Half of the 1990s: Movements in Urban and Rural Areas, in Sigeki Nisihira, Reiitsu Kojima, Hideo Okamoto and Shigeaki Fujisaki eds., Environmental Awareness in Developing Countries, The Cases of China and Thailand, Tokyo: Institute of Developing Economies. Girling, J. L. S Thailand: Society and Politics, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press Interpreting Development Capitalism Democracy & the Middle Class: Capitalism, Democracy, and the Middle Class in Thailand Studies on Southeast Asia No.21, Ithaca and New York: Cornell Southeast Asia Program. Hewison, Kevin 1996a Political Oppositions and Regime Change in Thailand, in Garry Rodan ed., Political Oppositions in Asia, London and New York, Routledge Press. 1996b Emerging Social Forces in Thailand: New Political and Economic Roles, in Richard Robison and David S.G. Goodman eds., The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonald s and Middle-Class Revolution, London and New York: Routledge Press.

34 233 ed Political Change in Thailand: Democracy and Participation, London and New York: Routledge Press. Hsiao, Hsin-Huang Michael and Alvin Y. So 1999 The Making of the East Asian Middle Classes: Five Propositions, in Hsing-Hugan Michael Hsiao ed., East Asian Middle Classes in Comparative Perspective, Taipei: IEO, Academia Sinica. Juree Namsirichai Vichit-Vadakan 1979 Not Too High and Not Too Low: A Comparative Study of Thai and Chinese Middle-Class Life in Bangkok, Thailand, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California.. NSO National Statistical Office, Thailand, Labor Force Survey, Ockey, James 1992 Business Leaders, Gangstars and the Middle Class: Societal Groups and Civilian Rule in Thailand, Ph.D. Dissertation, Cornell University. Ockey, Jim 1999 Creating the Thai Middle Class, in Michael Pinches ed., Culture and Privilege in Capitalist Asia, London and New York: Routledge Press. Prudhisan Jumbala and Chantana Banpasirichote 1999 Thai Middle Classes: Between Class Ambiguity and Democratic Propensity, Report submitted to PROSEA, Taiwan Academia Sinica. Riggs, Fred 1966 Thailand: The Modernization of Bureaucratic Polity, Honolulu: East-West Center Press. Sheehan, Brian 1993 Income Inequality in Thailand Who Benefits from Development in Thailand, Paper presented for the 5 th International Conference on Thai Studies, SOAS, London. Sukanya Hutaserani and Pornchai Tapwong 1990 Urban Poor Upgrading, Analysis of Poverty Trend and Profile of the Urban Poor in Thailand, Bangkok: TDRI. Surin Maisrikrod 1997 The Making of Thai Democracy: A Study of Political Alliances Among the State, the Capitalists, and the Middle Class, in Anek Laothamathas ed., Democratization in Southeast and East Asia, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Tominaga Ken ichi, Komai Hiroshi, Okamoto Hideo and Ise Michiko 1970a East Asian Cultural Studies, Vol.VIII, Nos.1_ b The Modernization and Industrialization of Thai Society: A Sociological Analysis, reprinted from East Asian Cultural Studies Vol.VIII, Nos.1_4. Wilson, David A Politics in Thailand, Ithaca and New York: Cornell University.

35 234 Anek Laothamathas 1993 Mob Muethue: Chonchan Klang lae Nakthurakit kap Phathanakan Prachathipatai, Bangkok: Matichon Song Nakhara Prachathipatai: Neawthang Kan Pathirup Kanmuang Sethakit phua Prachathipatai, Bangkok: Matichon. Chaloemkiat Phiunuan 1990 Prachathipatai baep Thai: Khwamkhit thang Kanmuang khong Thahan thai (2519_2529), Bangkok: Thai Khadi Institute, Thammasat University. Kasian Tejapira 1995 Wiwatha Lokanuwad, Bangkok: Phujatkan. Khana Sethasat 1983 Prathed Thai Khue Krungthep?, Samana Vichakan Prajam pii 2526, Bangkok: Thammasat University. Nithi Aewsriwong 1993 Wathanatham khong Khon chan klang Thai, in Sungsit and Pasuk eds Plianplaeng Sangkhom, Matichon sudsapda, vol.1099, September 10, Sungsit Piriyaransan and Pasuk Ponphaichit eds Chonchan klaang bon krasae prachathipatai, Bangkok: Chulalonkorn University. Voravidh Charoenlert 1993 Chonchan klaang kap hedkan Prusaphakhom: Fai Prachathipatai rue Rat patikan?, in Sungsit and Pasuk eds

: 1

: 1 235 1989: 1 236 SSM 1989: 12 (1) 237 19982000 238 1991 94 East Asian Middle Class 2000: 6Lui and Wong 1994 SSM 1990 1994 Lui and Wong 1994: 63_64 1992 SSM 1955 101995 20 69 1955 197519851995 1955 1975