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1 % Suganya & Pornchai, 1990: p IS 64 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
2 IS ILO1972 IS FS IS IS 2 IS IS IS 3 4 IS IS 1 IS Armstrong & McGee, 1968; Todaro, 1969 IS ILO ILO IS ILO, IS FS 2 65
3 IS IS ILO 3 IS 1994 IS 3 FS 10 IS NSO, 1994: p % 47.6% 41.1% IS 4 FS 5 59% IS 60% IS Chalongphob, % 60% 1 IS 66 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
4 67 1 IS IS BMA NHA BMA NHA a IS UCDO 1992 BMA/UNICEF 1993 BNs BMA 2 b SIF SME ADB MSE ILO/UNDP CODI 2000 IS BNsSME MSE BMA NHA UCDO CODI NESDB TDRINSO
5 2 2 NHA, BMA % ,282 NA ,098 1,178, ,472 NA ,063 1,733, ,986 2,168, ,151 2,896, ,339 3,516, ,644 4,349, , ,650 5,153, * 1,020 1,011,483 5,363, ** ,839 5,439, ,223 1,256,270 5,584, ,246 1,247,175 5,584, ,364 1,239,232 5,604, ,439 1,512,085 5,647, ,546 1,269,314 5,662, NHA NHA ,600sqm BMA Sopon BMA, Statistical Profile of BMA 68 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
6 % NHA, 1991; Sopon, 1998; NESDB 7 IS FS IS 69
7 Medhi et al., 1986: pp FS IS IS negative phenomena Ibid.: pp IS 8 IS IS 3 IS 9 IS Igel, 1992 IS NGO IS IS Amin, 2001: p. 58 ILO , Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
8 1, ,200 ILO & MOLSW, 1995: p. 11 IS ILO-ARTEP 1988 IS ILO-ARTEP, 1988: pp IS 1980 Nipon, IS Pasuk, 1991, 1992; Lazo, 1996 IS 10 IS IS 71
9 IS ILO 1 IS FS IS 3 IS 4 IS 11 IS ILO, 1991 IS IS Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
10 NESDB, 1991: p. i 7 6 Urban Poor Upgrading Ibid.: p. xvii 7 NESDB, 1992: pp IS 13 NESDB, 1991: p. xvii IS IS FS IS FS IS FS WelfareNonwelfare IS NESDB 1 ILO IS FS 73
11 1 Dr. Jawalaksana Rachapaetayakom NESDB Jawalaksana Rachapaetayakom et al., 1992a: p NHA BMA NHA BMA BMA NHA BMA 7 NHA 1992 UCDO 14 UCDO 7 NESDB Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
12 3 7 Welfare Policies Non-welfare Policies NHA BMA 22,000 16,000 20, ,550 31,900 10, ,650 NHA 27% 2 2% 1 6 NESDB/UNDP/TDRI 1991 National Urban Development Policy Framework Final Report Volume 2, Area 6 Urban Poor Upgrading, Chapter 4 75
13 Income generating loan IS IS Lubell, 1991: p IS IS IS 1999 ILO 7 10 IS 3 ILO 75% IS Allal, 1999 FS IS UCDO BMA SOFO 76 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
14 1992 TDRI IS 6.2% FS 17.2% 7 NGO IS 15% 6% Somboon, 2001: 5 6 IS IS UCDO , NA NA NA/3,446 70/4, /5, /5,760 84/ / / / / /1,010 55/71 91/ / / / / , /12, /17, /25, /31, /34, /47, /12, /15, /19, /21, /23, /24,704 % 5/1.26 8/ / / / /8.18 UCDO, Summary of Operations. 77
15 IS Lubell, 1991: pp. 87, 95 IS IS IS Pasuk, 1992 IS FS FS 2a IS C FS 78 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
16 C B IS IS FS Waldorf & Waldorf, 1983; TDRI, 1992 FS IS 1 IS IS 2 IS IS FS 2 A B Formal Sector C D Informal Sector Poor Not poor Poor Not poor 79
17 IS FS 7 IS UCDO 1 IS IS FS 2 IS b C IS Suganya & Pornchai, 1990; UCDO, 1999; Somboon, Suganya & Pornchai, 1990; Sopon, 1998 IS FS 16 1 IS 80 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
18 2 IS FS 1 IS 2 IS IS IS 1980 IS IS IS Portes & Castells, et al., IS 2 Gray, 1999 UCDO,
19 IS IS NESDB 1% NESDB SOFO 16% Orajitt, 1994: p IS FS ILO, 1972: p. 6 4 ILO, 1993: Home Worker NGO Justice&Peace ILO % % % % 1988 United Nations % USAID Medhi et al., 1986: pp Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
20 9 Akin Rabibhadna Rudiger Korff 10 NESDB IS IS Jawalaksana, 1992b: pp NESDB ILO NESDB & ILO, 1988: p IS NESDB UNDP TDRI National Urban Development Policy Framework NESDB/UNDP/TDRI, NHA BMA NHA UCDO CODI BMA Ibid.: pp. 21, NESDB NESDB NHA UCDO 16 IS 4 1 IS 15.65% 47.28% 76.62% Sopon, 1998: p JBIC 2000: No Urban Informal Sector Employment? A Cross-national Comparative Study Allal, Maurice 1999, Working Paper 1 Business Development Services for Micro and Small Enterprises in Thailand, ILO/UNDP. Amin, A. T. M. N. 2001, The Informal Sector in Asia from the Decent Work Perspective, ILO. Armstrong, W. R., and T. G. McGee 1968, ÒRevolutionary Change and the Third World City: A Theory of Urban Involution,Ó Civilisations, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp BMA , Statistical Handbook of BMA, BMA. Chalongphob Sussangkarn 1987, The Thai Labour Market: A Study of Seasonality and 83
21 Segmentation, TDRI. Chulalongkorn University Social Research Institute 1999, Final Report Fact Finding Study on Poverty in Urban Areas Bangkok, Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University. Gray, Rossiarin 1999, ÒThe Effect of Globalization on Labour Force and Migration in Thailand,Ó Paper prepared for the Policy Seminar on the Impact of Globalization on Population Change and Poverty in Rural Areas at ESCAP, Bangkok, Thailand. Igel, Barbara 1992, ÒMicroenterprises in BangkokÕs slums-potential for self-sustained growth,ó Journal of Social Research, Vol. 15, No. 2, Social Research Institute, Chulanlongkorn University, pp ILO 1972, Employment Income and Equality: A Strategy for Increasing Productive Employment in Kenya, Geneva, ILO. 1991, The Dilemma of the Informal Sector, International Labour Conference 78th Session, ILO. 1993, Resolution Concerning Statistics of Employment in the Informal Sector, ILO. ILO-ARTEP 1988, Urban Self-Employment in Thailand A Study of Two Districts in Metropolitan Bangkok, ILO. ILO & Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare 1995, Enabling Policy Framework for Urban Informal Sector, ILO. Jawalaksana Rachapaetayakom et al. 1992a, ÒEmployment Policy for the Urban Informal Sector in Thailand,Ó Presented to the Seminar on Employment Policies for the Urban Informal Sector in East and South-East Asia, Bangkok, Thailand, October. Jawalaksana Rachapaetayakom 1992b, ÒThe Government Policies on the Informal Sector,Ó in Pasuk Pongpaichit, and Shigeru Itoga, The Informal Sector in Thai Economic Development, IDE. Lazo, Lucita 1996, Out of the Shadow Practical Actions for the Social Protection of Homeworkers in Thailand, ILO. Lubell, Harold 1991, The Informal Sector in the 1980s and 1990s, OECD. Medhi Krongkaew et al. 1986, Final Report A Study on the Urban Poor in Thailand: Phase 1, Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University. 1987, Final Report A Study on the Urban Poor in Thailand: Phase 2, Thai Khadi Research Institute, Thammasat University. Naruemol Bunjongjit 2000, ÒFact-Finding on Poverty in Urban Areas Bangkok,Ó Journal of Social Research, Vol. 23, No. 2, Social Research Institute, Chulanlongkorn University, pp NESDB 1991, Inception Report National Urban Development Policy Framework, TDRI. 1992, The Seventh National Economic and Social Development Plan , Office of the Prime Minister, Bangkok. NESDB & ILO 1988, Report of the National Seminar on Urban Informal Sector in Thailand, ILO & NESDB. NESDB/UNDP/TDRI 1991, National Urban Development Policy Framework, Final Report, Vol. 2. NHA 1991, Slum Development, NHA. Nipon Poapongsakorn 1991, ÒThe Informal Sector in Thailand,Ó in A. Lawrence, and M. Salandine eds, The Silent Revolution: The Informal Sector in Five Asian and Near Eastern Countries, International Center for Economic Growth Publication. NSO 1994, Formal and Informal Labor Force Market 1994 Labor Force Survey, National Statistical Office. Orajitt Bamroongsakulsawat 1994, ÒA Participatory Approach to Urban Community Environmental Improvement: The Case of Thailand,Ó Prepared for Regional Seminar on Community Action Planning and Management, Colombo, Sri Lanka, NESDB. 84 Vol. 49, No. 2, April 2003
22 Pasuk Pongpaichit 1991, ÒNu, Nit Noi and ThailandÕs Informal Sector in Rapid Growth,Ó in C. Hongladarom, and S. Itoga eds, Human Resource Development Strategy in Thailand: Past, Present and Future, IDE. 1992, ÒThe Urban Informal Sector in Thailand: An Overview,Ó in Pasuk Pongpaichit, and Shigeru Itoga, The Informal Sector in Thai Economic Development, IDE. Portes, A., and M. Castells, et al. eds 1989, The Informal Economy-Studies in Advanced and Less Developed Countries, The John Hopkins University Press. Somboon Sungoonshorn 2001, ÒAccessibility of Urban Informal Sector Workers to Welfare and Non-welfare Services: A Focus in Bangkok Slum,Ó Ph. D. Thesis, AIT. Sopon Pornchokchai 1998, ÒThe future of slums and their employment implications: The case of Bangkok,Ó in Tatsuro Akimoto ed, Shrinkage of Urban Slums in Asia and their Employment Aspects, ILO. Suganya Hutaserani, and Pornchai Tapwong 1990, Urban Poor Upgrading: Analyses of Poverty Trend and Profile of the Urban Poor in Thailand, TDRI. TDRI 1992, Managing the Urban Informal Sector in Thailand: A Search for Practical Policies Based on The Basic Minimum Needs Approach, TDRI. Todaro, M. P. 1969, ÒA Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries,Ó American Economic Review, Vol. 59, No. 1, pp UCDO 1999, Socioeconomic Challenges of the Economic Crisis in Thailand Background Paper UCDO Survey of Households in 28 Saving Group Networks, UCDO. 2000, Summary of Operations. United Nations 1996, Role of the Informal Service Sector in Urban Poverty Alleviation, UN. Waldorf, S. Teilhert, and W. H. Waldorf 1983, ÒEarning of Self-Employed in an Informal Sector: A Case Study of Bangkok,Ó Development & Cultural Change, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp
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