DEIM Forum 2017 E4-2 EV DB GPS

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1 DEIM Forum 2017 E4-2 EV DB GPS {uemura-toshiaki-xh,kawanuma-daiki-yx,isobe-kota-py,saito-yusuke-gb}@ynu.jp, tommy@ynu.ac.jp EV EV ECOLOG(Energy COonsumption LOG) GPS GPS GPS EV [1] (EV) [2]EV EV EV EV V2X(Vehicle to X) V2X 1 EV V2B(Vehicle to Building) V2B EV EV EV EV V2B EV ECOLOG ECOLOG [3] EV EV [4] ECOLOG GPS EV ECOLOG GPS EV EV GPS EV GPS GPS GPS GPS ECOLOG EV V2X EV LEAF 2430kWh 280km [5] EV Well-to-Wheel

2 [6], [7] Kempton V2G (Vehicle to Grid) [8], [9]Jansen V2G V2G [10] EV [11] LEAF to Home [12] V2H V2X EV EV Zhang [13]Martinez EV [14] EV [15], [16] 2. 2 IC GPS Manzoni [17] [18] [19]Ito EV [20] REXEV ( EV) PHEV ( EV) Styler REXEV [21] Karbowski PHEV [22]Kurtulus EV HV ( ) [23] GPS [24] [25] 2. 3 Controller Area Network CAN (Electronic Control Unit:ECU) Robert Bosch (ISO11898 [26] ISO11519 [27]) CAN T-Connect [28] [29] [30] CAN CAN OBD:On Board Diagnosis CAN CAN ICV EV () [31]

3 ᴗᡤ*䛾 ኪ䞉 Ꮿ 䛩䜛EV䛸 㟁ຊṧ㔞 䛩䜛EV䛸 㟁ຊṧ㔞 㢼ຊ 㟁 ኴ㝧ග 㟁 䛩䜛EV䛸 㟁ຊṧ㔞 㟁 ᆅᇦ䝺䝧䝹䛷 䜟䜜䜛䝇䝬䞊䝖䜾䝸䝑䝗 䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊䛾ὶ䜜 ᚋ 䛡䛷 ᦚ 䛧䛯 䝉䞁䝃 䞉 ᴗᡤ 䝻䜾䜢 㞟䛧䛯 䝕䞊䝍䝧䞊䝇 䝕䞊䝍䛾 ṇ䞉䜽䝺䞁䝆䞁䜾 EV䜶䝛䝹䜼䞊 ᾘ 䝰䝕䝹 ሗ叏ὶ䜜 ど 呍᥎ᐃ 䛩䜛EV䛸 㟁ຊṧ㔞 吒呉同呍ィ ᴗᡤ䛻Ṇ䜎䛳䛶䛔䜛 EV n 䛾㟁ຊṧ㔞 䜶䜰䝁䞁 ᾘ 䝰䝕䝹 ECOLOG䝔䞊䝤䝹 ಶ 䝴䞊䝄 䠄䝗䝷䜲䝞䞊䠅 㐠 䜚 䜚 s 䛘 ᯝ ᨺ㟁 Energy COnsumption LOG 䝅䝇䝔䝮 ᴗ sϯ 䛾 ᯝ ウ s 䛘 ᯝ 図 2 ECOLOG システムの全体像 * 䠈ᙺᡤ䠈Ꮫ 䠈 㝔䠈ᕤሙ䠈 ሙ䛺䛹 図 1 想定環境概略 を行うことができる 事業所においては V2B の導入を検討す 各家庭には V2H が備わっており 駐車している EV との間で る意思決定者が EV から給電できる電力を事前に把握すること 電力の充放電が可能となる 各マイクログリッドでは EV を用 ができる いて電力ピークの制御や再生可能エネルギーの安定化を行う 3. ECOLOG システム 事業所においても同様に通勤で集まる数台 数十台の EV との V2B や事業所に設置された太陽光発電などでマイクログリッド 3. 1 ECOLOG システムの概要 が構成される 再生可能エネルギーや V2B で供給された電力 本研究で開発した ECOLOG システムの全体像を図 2 に示 はグリッド内の電力のピークカットに利用される 事業所がマ イクログリッドを構築することで 一般家庭から通勤する EV は事業所と家庭のマイクログリッド間を行き来する電力の運び 手であると考えることができる このような状況下で 事業所が新たにマイクログリッドの構 す 本システムは以下のような機能によって構築される 1 既存の自動車にあとづけで設置した簡易なセンサで 自動車走行ログを収集する 2 走行ログに対し EV エネルギー消費モデル (EV モデ ル) を適用して 瞬間の消費電力を推定する 築を検討する場合を考える 事業所の意思決定者は 導入の目 3 これらのデータに対して効果的な検索と演算を可能 的である電力制御が自身の環境でどの程度効果が見込めるのか とするデータベースを構築し EV エネルギー消費ログを蓄積 を見積もる必要がある そのために 現在使用している自動車 する の日常的な運転ログを活用し 事業所に止まっている多数の自 動車をもし仮に EV に置換えた際に事業所側に提供できる総電 力量を事前に見積もりたい すなわち本研究の目標は 既存の 4 運転者に対して EV への置換え効果や 地点別 時 点別の消費エネルギーを提示する 5 事業所に対して V2B による効果を提示する 自動車から取得したライフログを用いて EV に置き換えた場合 本章では EV の消費エネルギー推定モデルについて説明する の消費エネルギーを推定し 図 1 のようなスマートグリッドの 3. 2 EV モデルによる消費エネルギー推定 環境下で V2B の効果を事前に検討することである V2B の効 EV のエネルギー消費は走行に消費されるエネルギー カー 果を検討するにあたって EV が通勤で消費するエネルギーを ナビなどの自動車内の電装品に消費されるエネルギー エアコ 把握することが必要となる したがって通勤による往復で利用 ンに消費されるエネルギーに分けられる EV はガソリン自動 される EV の総消費エネルギーの推定精度が重要である 車 (ICV) や HV に比べて内部構造が簡易であるため 走行のた このシナリオには電力売買の精度やプライバシー保護の問題 めに消費される電力エネルギーはセンサから取得される速度 など多岐に渡り詳細に検討すべき事項は存在する これらは別 加速度から推定可能である ECOLOG システムにおける消費 の課題とし 本論文の対象外とする エネルギー計算の詳細については参考文献 [32] に記述されてい 2. 5 ECOLOG システム るため本論文で計算で利用する式のみを記載する これを EV 上記のような背景から 我々は自動車の運転ログから EV に モデルと呼ぶ おける消費エネルギーを計算し データベースに蓄積 検索 自動車の駆動力は 空気抵抗 RAIR タイヤの変形等により するシステムを ECOLOG システムとして開発 運用してき 発生する転がり抵抗 RROLL 坂道の勾配が影響する登坂抵抗 た [32], [33] ECOLOG システムに蓄積した現在乗っている自 RSLOP E 自動車の加減速に応じて発生する加速抵抗 RACC の 動車の運転ログを利用することで 個々人の状況に即した情報 総和であり次式で示される 提示が可能になる 例えば エネルギーを時間や区間毎に集計 することで 個人ユーザ ドライバー は 既存のガソリン車 から電気自動車への置き換え効果の検討や運転の振り返り [3]

4 1 g m/s 2 ρ kg/m 3 µ C d (CD ) A m 2 M kg θ rad A x m/s 2 GPS v m/s GPS 3 EV F d (t) = R AIR + R ROLL + R SLOP E + R ACC = 1 2 ρc dav(t) 2 + µmg cos θ +Mg sin θ + MAx (1) () () [4] EV 4 EV 3 () 3. 3 ECOLOG EV ECOLOG ECOLOG 1 ( (3)) (1) 1 F d (t) v(t) η P e(t) P e(t) = F d(t) v(t) η(v(t), F d (t)) P e(t) E e (2) tend E e = c P e(t)dt t start (3) (2),(3) EV () EV () EV 3 EV 3 () () () () E e = c t end t=t start P e(t) t ( t = 1sec) (4) ECOLOG 3 EV ECOLOG 5 ECOLOG [3] 2500 [34] 4. GPS 4. 1 GPS ECOLOG EV GPS

5 90 Velocity from ICV CAN (Correct Data) Velocity from GPS 85 Speed[km/h] EV Elapsed Time [s] GPS CAN (C)GPS (A), (B) 2 GPS [35] ( Algorithm1) (A) [36] 7 (B) 7 6 Algorithm1 (B) ( Algorithm2) (B) GPS 5 GPS (A) GPS GPS (B) GPS GPS GPS 6 6 GPS CAN Algorithm2 (1) 1 GPS Algorithm1 (2) (1) 1 (3) (4) (3) (1) (4) 6,7 8 Algorithm2 Algorithm1 CAN Algorithm2 (B) Algorithm2 6

6 90 Velocity from ICV CAN (Correct Data) Velocity from GPS with Algorithm Speed[km/h] Elapsed Time [s] Algorithm1 CAN 90 Velocity from ICV CAN (Correct Data) Velocity from GPS with Algorithm2 9 CAN Speed[km/h] Elapsed Time [s] Algorithm2 CAN 2 GIDs LeafSpy LeafSpy 1[GIDs]=0.0775[kWh] kwh 5. CAN EV EV EV 5. 1 EV CAN EV EV CAN EV LEAF(ZAA- ZE0 ) CAN Android Leaf Spy Pro [37] ODB2 Bluetooth PLX Devices Kiwi Bluetooth Wireless Trip Computer and ODBII Scanner [38] CAN Leaf Spy Pro CAN Leaf Spy Pro CAN B start[kwh] B end [kwh] B trip[kwh] B charge [kwh] B trip B charge 9 x B charge y B trip B charge B trip 0.89 EV 90% [39] y = 0.89x B trip[kwh] 6. ECOLOG B trip ECOLOG 3 GPS ECOLOGGPS Algorithm1 ECOLOG with Algorithm1GPS Algorithm2 ECOLOG with Algorithm2) B trip 10 x CAN B trip y EV RMSERoot Mean Squared Error 0.69[kW h](ecolog)0.73[kw h](ecolog with Al-

7 LEAF ZAA-ZE0 ( G) Android REGZA Tablet AT570 CAN Android Leaf Spy Pro [37] 3 GPS JSPS ( ) B trip gorithm1)0.63[kw h](ecolog with Algorithm2) Algorithm2 Algorithm2 ECOLOG B trip 5[kW h] B trip 5[kW h] 88 3[ C] 10[ C] EV 7. ECOLOG EV GPS GPS GPS [1] 2016, enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2016pdf/, Feb 13, [2],,,,,,,, [3] D. Kawanuma, Y. Kashiwabara, T. Uemura, T. Tomii, Data Analysis Framework for Visualizing Correlation of Energy Consumption and Transit Time in Road Sections using the ECOLOG database, International Workshop:MUSICAL16, Hiroshima, [4],,, EV DB, 12 ITS 2014, 2-2C-01, [5] LEAFWeb, Feb 13, [6],,,,,,,,,, Vol.31, No.6, pp.7-15, [7],,, Vol.32, No.6, pp.14-18, [8] W. Kempton, J. Tomic, Vehicle-to-grid power fundamentals:calculating capacity and net revenue, Journal of Power Sources, Vol.144, No.1,pp , [9] W. Kempton, J. Tomic, Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy, Journal of Power Sources 144, pp , [10] B. Jansen, C. Binding, O. Sundstrom, D. Gantenbein, Architecture and Communication of an Electric Vehicle Virtual Power Plant, 1st IEEE Int l Conf. Smart Grid Communication(SmartGridComm2010), pp , November, [11],,, K. M. Liyanage,,, - Vehicle-to-Grid-, B (), Vol.130, No.11, pp , [12] LEAF to Home, Feb 13, [13] Y. Zhang, W. Wang, Y. Kobayashi, K. Shirai, Remaining Driving Range Estimation of Electric Vehicle, 3rd IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC2012), pp.1-7, [14] M. Martinez, A. Gardel, A.M. Wefky, F. Espinosa, J.L. Lazaro, I. Bravo, P. Revenga, Electric Vehicle Consumption Estimation based on Heuristics and MLP

8 Artificial Neural Network, European Electric Vehicle Congress(EEVC), pp.1-7, [15], EVPHV, town/state/best_practice.html, Feb 13, [16], EV,, vol54, no.4, pp , 2013 [17] V. Manzoni, A. Corti, P. De Luca, S. M. Savaresi, Driving Style Estimation via Inertial Measurements, th International IEEE Annual Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems(ITSC 2010), Madeira Island, Portugal, pp , [18],,,, PRONAVI,, Vol.42, No.3, pp.65-75, May, [19],,,,.. Vol.9 No.2, pp , [20] M. Ito, T. Shimoda, K. Maema, Prediction Method of Cruising Range using Probe Data for Electric Vehicle, 20th ITS World Congress, Tokyo, [21] A.Styler, I,Nourbakhsh, A.Sauer, H.Rottengruber, Learned Optimal Control of a Range Extender in a Series Hybrid Vehicle, 2015 IEEE 18th Int. Conf. on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC2015), pp , [22] D. Karbowski, V. Sokolov, A. Rousseau, Vehicle Energy Management Optimisation through Digital Maps and Connectivity, 22nd ITS World Congress, paprt#1952, pp. 1 10, [23] C.Kurtulus, G.Inalhan, Model Based Route Guidance for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, 2015 IEEE 18th International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC 2015), pp , 2015 [24],, 10 ITS 2011, 1-A-05, [25],,,,,,, 12, [26] International Organization for Standardization. ISO 11898, road vehicles - interchange of digital information - Controller Area Network(CAN) for high-speed communication, [27] International Organization for Standardization. ISO 11519, road vehicles- low-speed serial data communication, 1994 [28]. T-Connect. Feb 13, [29].. internavi/, Feb 13, [30].. jp/manual/ev/howtouse/mypage01/energyusage.html, Feb 13, [31] H.Farhangi, The path of the smart grid, IEEE Power Energy Mag., vol.8, no.1, pp.18-28, Jan-Feb, [32] T. Tomii, S. Hagimoto, N. Fueda, T. Deguchi, M. Idenawa, T. Hayashi Long-Term Experiment of the ECOLOG Database Capability of Estimating V2X Effect Replacing with EVs, 20th ITS World Congress, Tokyo, [33],,,,,, EV DB, 6 (DEIM2014), A2-5, [34] 2500http: // Feb 13, [35] Sotiris Brakatsoulas, Dieter Pfoser, Randall Salas, Carola Wenk,On Map-Matching Vehicle Tracking Data, In Proceedings of the 31st international Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pp , [36] T. Uemura, Y. Kashiwabara, D. Kawanuma, T. Tomii, Accuracy Evaluation by GPS Data Correction for the EV Energy Consumption Database, International Workshop:MUSICAL16, Hiroshima, [37] Leaf Spy Pro, Google Play, store/apps/details?id=com.turbo3.leaf_spy_pro, Feb 13, [38] PLX Devices Inc., PLX Kiwi Bluetooth, Feb 13, [39]. EV. jp/new/new128.html Feb 13, 2017.

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