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1 S04S006 S04S023

2 Poincaré-Hopf A

3 0 Poincaré-Hopf X V X = c 1 c n p p V i(v ; p) V i(v ) c i V c i s(v ; c i ) n i(v ) = χ(x) (s(v ; c i ) 1) i=1 χ(x) X Poincaré-Hopf Poincaré-Hopf 6 A

4 1 R N X 1.1. X V : X R N V (p) = 0 p X V X p X V (p) X p V X 1.1. (1) V 1 (x, y) = (0.5, 0) V 1 : D 2 R 2 D 2 ( 1) V 1 (2) V 2 (x, y) = (x, y) V 2 : D 2 R 2 D 2 ( 2) p = (0, 0) V 2 1 V 1 (x, y) = (0.5, 0) 2 V 2 (x, y) = (x, y) ( ) 1.2. S 1 R 2 S 1 v : S 1 R 2 ˆv : S 1 S 1 ˆv(p) = v(p) v(p) 3

5 ˆv S 1 v(s 1 ) S 1 r(v ) v V p p p ɛ Sɛ 1 (ɛ ) 1.3. V p i(v ; p) V Sɛ 1 r(v Sɛ 1 ). i(v ; p) p 3 i(v ; p) 1.2. (1) 2 p 1 (2) 3 6 p X V p 1, p 2,, p n X p i X V i(v ) : i(v ) = i(v ; p 1 ) + i(v ; p 2 ) + + i(v ; p n ) D 2 V (x, y) = (4x 3 3x, 4y 3 + 3y)( 7) i(v ; p 1 ) = 1, i(v ; p 2 ) = 1, i(v ; p 3 ) = 1, i(v ; p 4 ) = 1, i(v ; p 5 ) = 1 V i(v ) i(v ) = i(v ; p 1 ) + i(v ; p 2 ) + i(v ; p 3 ) + i(v ; p 4 ) + i(v ; p 5 ) = ( 1) = 3 4

6 3 V (x, y) = ( y, x) 4 V (x, y) = ( 2 (x + y), 2 (x y)) V (x, y) = ( x, y) 6 V (x, y) = (x 2 y 2, 2xy) 5

7 7 V (x, y) = (4x 3 3x, 4y 3 + 3y) 6

8 2 D 2 R 2 V, W V x 2 V W x 1 2 W V, W U U(x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) + (1 g(x))w (x, y) g(x) A (1) D (1) V (x, y) = ( x, y), W (x, y) = ( 2 2 (x y), 2 2 (x + y)) g(x)v (x, y) 8 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 9 V W U(x, y) 10 U p 1, p 2 i(u) = i(u; p 1 ) + i(u; p 2 ) = ( 1) + 1 = g(x)v (x, y) 9 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 7

9 10 U(x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) + (1 g(x))w (x, y) (2) V (x, y) = ( x, y), W (x, y) = (x 2 y 2, 2xy) g(x)v (x, y) 11 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 12 V W U(x, y) 13 U p 1, p 2 i(u) = i(v ; p 1 ) + i(v ; p 2 ) = 2 + ( 1) = 1 11 g(x)v (x, y) 12 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 8

10 13 U(x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) + (1 g(x))w (x, y) (3) V (x, y) = (x, y), W (x, y) = ( x, y) g(x)v (x, y) 14 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 15 V W U(x, y) 16 U p 1, p 2 i(u) = i(u; p 1 )+i(u; p 2 ) = 1 + ( 1) = 0 14 g(x)v (x, y) 15 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 9

11 16 U(x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) + (1 g(x))w (x, y) (4) V (x, y) = ( 2 2 (x + y), 2 2 (x y)), W (x, y) = (x, y) g(x)v (x, y) 17 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 18 V W U(x, y) 19 U p 1, p 2, p 3 i(u) = i(u; p 1 ) + i(u; p 2 ) + i(u; p 3 ) = ( 1) = 1 17 g(x)v (x, y) 18 (1 g(x))w (x, y) 10

12 19 U(x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) + (1 g(x))w (x, y) 11

13 2.2. (1) 1.1 (3) 0 U ( 20 23)

14 (2) 1.1 (4) 1 U W ( 24 29): U t (p) = (1 t)u(p) + tw (p) U(t=0) W (t=1) i(u) = i(w ) 24 V 0 (p) = V 25 V 0.2 (p) 26 V 0.4 (p) 27 V 0.6 (p) 13

15 28 V 0.8 (p) 29 V 1 (p) = W 14

16 (3) 3 (p 1 ) V (x, y) = (x 3 3xy 2, 3x 2 y y 3 ) 3 (p 1, p 2, p 3 ) ( 30 33) V (x, y) = (x 3 3xy 2, 3x 2 y y 3 ) 31 V (x, y) = (x 3 3xy , 3x 2 y y 3 ) 32 V (x, y) = (x 3 3xy , 3x 2 y y 3 ) 33 V (x, y) = (x 3 3xy , 3x 2 y y 3 ) 15

17 3 S S 2 V, W : 3.1. i(v ) = i(w ). ( ) V N V S V N 34 i(v ; N) = 1 S 35 i(v ; S) = 1 i(v ) = = 2 34 V N 35 V S ( ) W N W S W N 36 i(w ; N) = 1 S 37 i(w ; S) = 1 i(w ) = = 2 16

18 36 W N 37 W S t(0 t 1) V t V t (p) = (1 t)v (p) + tw (p) V 0 = V V 1 = W {V t } V t t 0 1 i(v t ) ( ) ( ) ( ) S 2 2 S 2 χ(s 2 ) i(v ) = χ(s 2 ) 3.2. (Poincaré-Hopf ) X V i(v ) X χ(x) W χ(x) X S 2 S 2 A 1 A 2 A 3 A 4 17

19 ( 38) S 2 χ(s 2 ) = ( ) + ( ) ( ) = = 2 S X W : 1. P i(w ; P ) = 1 2. Q i(w ; P ) = 1 3. R i(w ; R) = ,2,3 i(w ) = χ(x) i(v ) i(w ) S 2 i(v ) = χ(x) 38 S 2 39 W 18

20 4 Poincaré-Hopf Poincaré-Hopf D D 2 V V D 2 i(v ) = 1 40 p 40 W (x, y) = (x, y) W i(w ) = 1 : V t (p) = (1 t)v (p) + tw (p) V (t = 0) W (t = 1) t 0 1 V t i(v t ) i(v ) = i(w ) i(w ) = 1 i(v ) = 1 V t S 1 r(v t S 1 ) r(v t S 1 ) = 1 i(v t ) = D 2 V V S 1 19

21 i(v ) = r(v S 1 ). 4.1 r(v S 1 ) = v S 1 D 2 V 2 (1) V S 1 = v (2) r(v) 0 r(v) = 0 V v V v : S 1 R 2 {0} ˆv : S 1 R 2 {0} ˆv(p) = v(p) v(p) v ˆv (v ˆv) (1 t)v(p) + tˆv(p) v ˆv :i(v) = i(ˆv). ˆv(p) = 1 ˆv φ = φ(θ) : ˆv(cos θ, sin θ) = (cos φ(θ), sin φ(θ)) φ(2π) φ(0) = 2nπ n r(v)(= r(ˆv)) ψ ψ(θ) = nθ φ ψ ˆv ṽ(cos θ, sin θ) = (cos ψ(θ), sin ψ(θ)) ṽ ṽ D 2 Ṽ : { (r n cos θ, r n sin θ) (n 0) Ṽ (r cos θ, r sin θ) = (r n cos θ, r n sin θ) (n < 0) 20

22 1 D 2 3, D2 2 3 D 2 v ˆv 2 3 D2 1 3 D 2 1 ˆv ṽ 3 D2 Ṽ V v V. Ṽ C { z n (n 0) Ṽ (z) = z n (n < 0) V S 1 =W S 1 W O i(w ; O) = r(w S 1 ) = r(v S 1 ) V W : (1 t)v (p) + tw (p) i(v ) = i(w ) = i(w ; O) = r(v S 1 ) 21

23 5 Poincaré-Hopf Poincaré-Hopf 5.1. X c i (i = 1, 2,, n) X Y i V Y i = c i Y i D 2 S 1 V c i s(v ; c i ) 5.1. D 2 V V i(v ) = r(v c) n c Y V c s(v ; c) n n + s(v ; c) = 2 V Y D 2 Y = S 2 n + s(v ; c) s(v ; c) = 2 n Poincaré-Hopf 5.2. c i (i = 1, 2,, n) X V : i(v ) = χ(x) n (s(v ; c i ) 1). i=1 41 c i (i = 1, 2,, n) X X V X c i Y i W ( 42) 4.3 V Y i i(v i ) = s(v c i ) Y i v i W 22

24 Poincaré-Hopf i(v ) + n s(v ; c i ) = χ(w ) i=1 χ(s 1 ) = 0 χ(w ) = χ(x) + = χ(x) + n n χ(y i ). i(v ) + i=1 n s(v ; c i ) = χ(x) + n i=1 i(v ) = χ(x) + n = χ(x) n s(v ; c i ) i=1 n (s(v ; c i ) 1) i=1 (1) X V s(v ; c i ) = 1 i(v ) = χ(x) (2) s(v ; c i ) 1 V c i Y i (3) Morse 1929 : i(v ) = χ(x) i( V ) [4] 23

25 41 X 42 W 24

26 6 ( ) X X ( ) p i (i = 1, 2,, n) p i p i v pi p i v pi V (p i ) V (p i ) X V ( 43) V X V X "# $! 43 X 6.1. (1) ( 44) i(v ) = 1 (2) ( 45) i(v ) = 1 25

27 44 V (x, y) = ( 2 (x + y), 2 (x y)) 45 V (x, y) = ( 2 (x y), 2 (x + y)) (1)(2) ( ) 1 2 i(v ) 2 i(v ) = χ(x) =

28 A 1 <step1> <step2> <step3> <step1> t 0 f(t) = 0 t > 0 1 f(t) ( 46): 0 (t 0 ) f(t) = 1 (t > 0 ) e 1 t 46 f(t) <step2> <step1> t 0 h(t) = 0 0 < t < 1 t 1 h(t) = 1 h(t) ( 47): h(t) = f(t) f(t) + f(1 t) = 0 (t 0 ) 1 (0 < t < 1 ) 1 + e 1 t e 1 t 1 1 (t 1 ) h(t) = 1 h(t) h(t) t 0 h(t) = 1 0 < t < 1 27

29 47 h(t) t 1 h(t) = 0 1 = h(t) + h(t) 1 2 h(t),h(t) 1 <step3> <step2> h(t) 0 < t < 1 h(t) 1 4 < t < 1 4 g(t) ( 48): 0 (t 1 4 ) ( g(t) = h 2t 1 ) 1 1 ( 1 = e 2t 1 4 < t < 1 4 ) (2t e 1 2 ) 1 (t 1 4 ) (1) 48 g(t) 28

30 g(t) g(t) = 1 g(t) ( 49): 1 (t 1 4 ) ( 1 g(t) = 1 g(t) = 1 + e 2t 1 4 < t < 1 4 ) (2t e 1 2 ) 0 (t 1 4 ) 49 g(t) = 1 g(t) V V (x, y) = (x 1 2, y)( 50) g(x) W (x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) ( 51) 50 V (x, y) = (x 1, y) 2 51 W (x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) g(x) = 1 g(x) W (x, y) = g(x)v (x, y) V (x, y) = W (x, y) + W (x, y) W (x, y) t 1 4 V (x, y) t

31 [1],,, 1982, [2],, [3] J.W.,, [4] Daniel Henry Gottlieb, All the Way with Gauss-Bonnet and the Sociology of Mathematics, The American Mathematical Monthly,Volume 103,Issue 6, 2003,

, 3, 6 = 3, 3,,,, 3,, 9, 3, 9, 3, 3, 4, 43, 4, 3, 9, 6, 6,, 0 p, p, p 3,..., p n N = p p p 3 p n + N p n N p p p, p 3,..., p n p, p,..., p n N, 3,,,,

, 3, 6 = 3, 3,,,, 3,, 9, 3, 9, 3, 3, 4, 43, 4, 3, 9, 6, 6,, 0 p, p, p 3,..., p n N = p p p 3 p n + N p n N p p p, p 3,..., p n p, p,..., p n N, 3,,,, 6,,3,4,, 3 4 8 6 6................................. 6.................................. , 3, 6 = 3, 3,,,, 3,, 9, 3, 9, 3, 3, 4, 43, 4, 3, 9, 6, 6,, 0 p, p, p 3,..., p n N = p p p 3 p n + N p n N p p p,

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