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2 ICTYICTR ICC Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of Terrorism, Nov , American Journal of International Law, Vol. 16. No , pp

3 Crimes against international law are committed by men, not by abstract entities, and only by punishing individuals who commit such crimes can the provisions of international law be enforced. Office of United States of Counsel for Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Opinion and Judgment United States Government Printing Office, 1947, p. 53.

4 ethnic cleansing ICJ ICTY ICTR ICC ICJ: Case Concerning Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia hereinafter cited as Genocide Case, Judgment, 26 February 2007, paras. 297, 450, 471. I. C. J. Reports 2007, pp. 166, 229, 237. U.N. Doc. S/RES/827, 25 May 1993, pp. 13. ICTY ICJ U.N. Doc. S/RES/955, 8 November 1994, pp U.N. Doc. A/CONF. 183/9 of 17 July 1998, pp. 182.

5 ICC ICC d ICC ICC ICC ICC execution XXIX RC/Res.6, The Crime of Aggression, 11 June 2010, in Review Conference Official Records, Annex I, Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Curt on the Crime of aggression, p. 18.

6 commit execution commit execution commit commit commit commit commit

7 basis punishment crime I. I. Lukashuk, International Illegality and Criminality of Aggression, in The Nuremberg Trial and International Law ed. by George Ginsburgs and V. N. Kudriavtsev, 1990, p H. Grotius, De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres, Book II 1646, The Classics of International Law translated by W. Kelsey, 1964, pp Ibid., pp ,

8 the law of love the law of nature Ibid., pp Ibid., pp Ibid., pp C. Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde 1950, p H. Kelsen, Law and Peace in International Relations 1942, pp

9 Ibid., p. 52. League of Nations, Official Journal, Special Supplement, No , p. 203, No , pp. 21, 2526, No , pp C. Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde 1950, pp

10 ILA Resolution of the Inter-Parliamentary Union on the Criminality of Wars of Aggression and the Organization of International Repressive Measures Union Interparlementaire, compte rendu de la XXIII Conference, 1925 Washington, cited in Historical Survey of the Question of International Criminal Jurisdiction, Memorandum submitted by the Secretary General, United Nations 1949, pp International Law Association, Statute of The Court, in Report of the Thirty Fourth Conference 1926, pp.

11 8A blockade embargo Resort to armed force V. Pella, adopts par le de Bruxelles, RiDp, Vol , pp A. Levitt, A Proposed Code of International Criminal Law, RiDp, Vol , pp Association intemationale de Droit, Trojet de Statut pour la creation d une Chambre criminelle au sein de la Cour permanente de justice intemationale, RiDp, Vol , pp V. Pella, Plan d un code, RiDp, Vol , pp V. Pella, Projet de Statut pour la creation d une Chambre criminelle au sein de la Cour permanente de justice international in La guerre-crimeet les criminels de guerre 1946, pp V. Pella, Plan d un code repressif, in La guerre-crime et les criminels de guerre 1946, pp

12 Sec.1 46 embargo blocus blocus l embargo

13 ILA violent aggression urgent counter police measures will take will indicate shall upon request execute 26 agency should be enforced be charged with

14 R- Ago, 5th Report, Yearbook of International Law Commission hereinafter cited as YblLC, 1976II, Part One, p. 24, para. 72. UN. Doc. A/C. 6/31, A/C. 6/38. UN. Doc. A/C. 6/31/SR. 21, para. 8. UN. Doc. A/C. 6/31/SR. 27, para. 20. YblLC, 1982II, Part One, p. 17. UN. Doc. A/C. 6/31/SR. 17, para. 9. UN.

15 Doc. A/C. 6/31/SR. 23, para. 17. UN. Doc. A/C. 6/31/SR. 23. paras YblLC, 1981II, Part One, p. 78. P. M. Dupuy, Observations sur le crime international de l Etat, Revue generate de droit international public. Vol , p. 486.

16 the Advisory Committee of Jurists are fighting this war to punish the aggression of japan J. B. Scott, The Project of a Permanent Court of International Justice and Resolutions of the Advisory Committee of Jurists, pp ibid., pp Historical Survey of the Question of International Criminal Jurisdiction Memorandum submitted by the Secretary General, United Nations 1949, p. 9. U.S. Department of State, Conference of President Roosevelt, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, and Prime Minister Churchill in North Africa Dec.1, 1943, The Department of State bulletin, Vol. IX, p C. Schmitt, Der Nomos der Erde 1950p. 237.

18 R. Jackson, Report of Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials, London, 1945, pp l949. Ibid., p Ibid., pp

19 R. Jackson, Report of Robert H. Jackson, U.S. Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials, London, 1945 l949, pp M. Hudson, YblLC, 1949, p H. Shawcross International Law: a Statement of the British View of its Role, American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 33 l947, p. 32. YblLC, 1949, p. 130.

20 any act of aggression authorities U.N. Doc. A/3/9 195l, p. 10. G.A. Res XXIX, U.N. Doc. A/

21 ICC U.N. Doc. A/51/10, p. 83. C. Rodrigues, YbILC, 1996I, p. 61.

22 sui generis D. Thiam, 9th report, YbILC, 1991II, Part One, pp S. MacCaffrey, YbILC, 1991I, pp J. Barsegov, ibid., pp J. Shi, ibid., pp A. Zimmermann, Commentary on the Rome Statute of the of the International Criminal Court ed. by O. Triffterer, 1999, pp H. Hebel and D. Robinson, Crimes within the jurisdiction of the court, in The International Criminal Court ed. by R. Lee, 1999, p. 84. D. Thiam, 9 th report, YbILC, 1991II, Part One, pp A. Al-Baharna, YbILC, 1991I, pp G. Arangio-Ruiz, ibid., pp

23 ICC ICC ICC Revised proposal submitted by a group of interested States including Germany, U.N. Doc. A/AC/249/DP. 12, in U.N. Doc. PCNICC/1999/INF/2, pp

24 ICC ICC ICC ICC H. Hebel and D. Robinson, Crimes within the jurisdiction of the court, in The International Criminal Court ed. by R. Lee, 1999, p. 83. ICC

25 b RC/Res.6, The Crime of Aggression, 11 June 2010, in Review Conference Official Records, Annex I, Amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Curt on the Crime of aggression, pp RC/Res.6, The Crime of Aggression, 11 June 2010, in Review

26 ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC Conference Official Records, Annex III, Understandings regarding the amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the Crime of aggression, p. 22. selective justice

27 ICC ICC ICC RC/Res.6, The Crime of Aggression, 11 June 2010, in Review Conference Official Records, Annex III, Understandings regarding the amendments to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on the Crime of aggression, p. 22.

28 ICC ICC ICC position more than one person RC/Res. 6, The

29 initiation a ICC Crime of Aggression, 11 June 2010, in Review Conference Official Records, Annex, Amendments to the Elements of Crimes, p. 21. Larry May, Aggression and Crimes against Peace Cambridge University Press, 2008, p Ibid., p Patrycja Grzebyk, Criminal Responsibility for the Crime of Aggression Routledge, 2013, p. 204.

30 collective act United States v. von Loeb The High Command Case, American Military Tribunal, 1948; Trials of War Criminals, 1950, p. 462, quoted in Jordan Paust, et al., International Criminal Law: cases and Materials, pp Larry May, supra note 65, pp Patrycja Grzebyk, supra note 67, p Larry May, ibid., p Kai Ambos, The Crime of Aggression After kampala, German Yearbook of International Law, Vol , p Patrycja Grzebyk, supra note 67, pp

31 ICC ICC Frick Fritzsche Jodl ReinhardtWarlimontd von Salmuth Kevin Jon Heller, Retreat from Nuremberg: The Leadership Requirement in the Crime of Aggression, The European Journal of International Law, Vol , p Kai Ambos, supra note 70, p Patrycja Grzebyk, supra note 67, pp Ibid., p. 195.

32 organiser commit ICC Ambos Ibid., p Carrie McDougall, The Crime of Aggression under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court Cambridge University Press, 2013, p Patrycja Grzebyk, supra note 67, pp Ibid., pp Carrie McDougall, supra note 77, p. 181.

33 ICC ICC ICC Kai Ambos, supra note 70, p Carrie McDougall, supra note 77, pp Ibid., p Kai Ambos, supra note 70, pp Ibid., p Michael J. Glennon, The Blank-Prose Crime of Aggression, The Yale Journal of International Law, Vol , p. 100.

34 ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC ICC a

35 common plan essential tasks in a concerted manner overall control frustrate awareness accept ICC ICC: Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Pre-Trial Chamber I Decision on the Confirmation of Charges hereinafter cited as Lubanga Decision, 29 January 2007, ICC-01/04/01/06-803, paras , 335. Ibid., paras Cf. Jens D. Ohlin, Elies van Sliedregt and Thomas Weigend, Assessing the Control-Theory, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol , p. 727.

36 ICC Ibid., pp. 734, K. Ambos, Command responsibility and Organisationsherrschaft: ways of attributing international crimes to the most responsible, in Nollkaemper and Harman van der Wilt eds., System Criminality in International Law Cambridge, 2009, pp. 146, ICC

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