Black Thursday, Dec. 24 of 1929 The Great Depression in 1929 towards WWII 原因 : 過熱した投機 生産力と消費力のギャップ 業種間の生産性の差 国際収支の不均衡など Shrinking Economy 労働時間の短縮 賃金カッ
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1 Black Thursday, Dec. 24 of 1929 The Great Depression in 1929 towards WWII 原因 : 過熱した投機 生産力と消費力のギャップ 業種間の生産性の差 国際収支の不均衡など Shrinking Economy 労働時間の短縮 賃金カット 大量解雇 失業率 25%(1931 年 ) Franklin D Roosevelt to Presidency in 1933 The only thing we have to fear is fear itself. ラジオでの 炉辺談話 悲惨な現実を忘れさせようとハリウッドは夢の世界 = 映画 ( ミュージカル コメディなど ) を生産した 大衆は悲惨な現実を忘れようと 夢を求めて映画館に足を運んだ 繁栄する映画界 1
2 30 年代前半に生み出されたジャンル 1. ミュージカル 2. ギャング映画 3. ホラー映画 4. 喜劇 就任 100 日間にとった経済措置 銀行救済措置 金本位制停止 農業物価安定 政府直轄の公共事業 ( テネシー川流域開発公社 TVA) に関する立法化 修正資本主義 混合経済体制 累進税制の強化 社会改革姿勢の強化 TVA Dams Eleanor Roosevelt She had a keen social consciousness. She helped shape FDR s ideas by exposing him to the reformers, social workers, and advocates of minority rights. Two Outstanding Women Toward Pearl Harbor Frances Perkins, Secretary of Labor( ) the first woman cabinet member Amelia Earhart ( ) Ghastly mistake to have been to WWI Death merchants had dragged US to WWI because they wanted to save their millions in loans and weapons sales to GB and France. 2
3 Neutrality Acts passed in Popular longing for peace A Gallop poll in Jan revealed that 70% of Americans believed that the US should have stayed out of WWI. Yellow-Peril( 黄禍論 ) 欧米側からする, アジア人は禍いをなすという差別的な人種論 日清戦争で日本が勝利したとき欧州諸国では, 日本が以後台頭するのではないかと恐れ, 黄色人危機説が叫ばれた 日本が対ロシア戦争に勝利した 1905 年 ( 明治 38) 以降, 議論は, アメリカでもひろがり, 日本人労働者の就職妨害や排斥, 学童の隔離教育, 太平洋沿岸州議会のハワイからの転航移民禁止などとして具体化し, 排日気運を激化させた China for US market US vs Japan Religious group vast mission field ripe for harvest US government boundless economic potential as outlet for American goods. US, Open Door Policy to guarantee all nations equal commercial access in China. Japan desired to create Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere ( 大東亜共栄圏 ) 真珠湾攻撃は不意打ちだった? Helen Mears の名著 アメリカの鏡 日本 Mirror for America, Japan 彼女は 1948 年に明快に書いている ルーズベルト大統領 ハル長官 ノックス海軍長官 スチムソン陸軍長官らの会議で論議されたのは < われわれ ( アメリカ ) がさしたる損害を受けない範囲で彼ら ( 日本 ) に第一撃を仕掛けさせる作戦 > であった War Relocation Camp Idaho Governor declared: A good solution to the Jap problem would be to send them back to Japan, then sink the island. They live like rats, breed like rats, and act like rats. 3
4 Relocation Camp Map of 10 Relocation Camps for Japanese-Americans 西海岸に住む日系人をアメリカ内陸部の不毛地域の 10 個の強制収容所へ無差別収容した 日系人はすべての財産を没収された 当時のアメリカの敵国 ドイツ イタリアからの移民に対しての強制収容はほぼなかった Heart Mountain Relocation Camp アメリカへの忠誠心を示す日系人 敵国人と見なされたことに対する日系人 ヨーロッパ戦線での日系人のみの 442 部隊の活躍と二世の気概 歴史的過ちを認めたアメリカ政府 In 1985, under the Reagan presidency, the Us Government acknowledge the injustice of the internment policy for Japanese- Americans in W W II days. Congress voted to give $20,000 and apology to 60,000 former internees who were still living. Yalta Conference 1945 FDR(USA) W. Churchill (GB) J. Stalin (USSR) 4
5 ヤルタ会議の世界分割 降伏後のドイツはフランスをふくめた 4 国占領地域に分割. 連合国管理委員会によって統治される ドイツ占領から解放された地域では 自由選挙にもとづく民主的な政府が樹立される ソ連のポーランド東部の領有をみとめるかわりに ポーランドは旧ドイツ領からかなりの領土を取得する ヨーロッパ戦争終結後 90 日以内にソ連が対日宣戦布告をする ソ連はサハリン ( 樺太 ) 南部 千島列島 中国大陸での権益を獲得する 蒋介石を中国代表としてみとめる ヤルタ会議に対する現在の歴史的認識 The Yalta Conference is often cited as the symbol of Western betrayal or the beginning of the Cold War. 広島 長崎への原爆投下へ道 戦略爆撃 戦争を有利に進めることを目的とし 前線の敵部隊ではなく 後方の一般市民が住む都市そのものへ組織的な爆撃を加え 産業基盤を破壊し住民を殺傷する事で相手国の経済力や戦意を奪う非人道的戦法 スペイン内乱でのゲルニカ爆撃がその初期の代表例である アジアでは 日中戦争での旧日本軍による重慶爆撃から始まったとされる 第二次世界大戦の後期では 逆に日本が戦略爆撃を受ける側となる 代表例では 東京大空襲 大阪大空襲 そしてヒロシマ ナガサキへの原爆投下である 出典 : フリー百科事典 ウィキペディ (Wikipedia) 無差別爆撃の頂点として 広島 長崎田中利幸 ( 広島市立大広島平和研究所教授 ) 無差別爆撃はヨーロッパのおけるナチスドイツの ゲルニカ空爆 (1939) から本格化し ワルシャワ ロッテルダム ロンドンでナチが市民を攻撃目的とする爆撃をやっており その仕返しとして連合軍は ベルリン ドレスデンなどで無差別爆撃を拡大した アジア太平洋地域では 日本軍がまず最初に南京 武漢 上海 重慶などの都市住民を対象に無差別爆撃を行った ここでも逆に日本が米軍によって無差別爆撃の仕返しを受ける 日本各地が焼夷弾や大型爆弾でやられ 東京大空襲では数時間で 10 万人という多くの人たちが降り注ぐ焼夷弾の犠牲になった その無差別爆撃の頂点として 広島 長崎がある Guernica 1937 by Picasso 原爆投下を巡る意見 トルーマン米大統領は 本土決戦で失われる 100 万人以上の米軍の犠牲を回避し 戦争を早期に終わらせるためであった と述べている イギリスの物理学者 P M S ブラケットは 原爆投下は 第 2 次世界大戦の最後の軍事行動というよりも ソ連との冷たい外交戦に対する最初の大作戦の一つであった と述べている 5
6 ケネディ ジョンソン両政権で国防長官を務めたロバート マクナマラ氏 (87 歳 ) が 2003 年に日本のマスコミのインタビューの質問に答えたときの証言 原爆投下が必要だったとは思わない 賢明な選択ではなかった ただ 戦争では 国の上層部がすべての動きを把握しているわけではない これは私の強い印象だが 原爆投下決定を下したトルーマン大統領 マーシャル陸軍参謀総長 スティムソン陸軍長官の 3 人は 3 月の激しい空爆で日本各都市がいかに大きな損害を受けたかを詳細に知らなかったのではないかと思う 原爆投下がなければ核競争の時代の到来は避けられたし 北朝鮮の現在の問題も起きていない 西尾幹二著 国民の歴史 日本人をモルモットにしたアメリカの実験は ナチスの犯罪と同じ 人道に対する罪 の範疇に入るのであって 普通の 戦争犯罪 と言えない John Steinbeck ( ) アメリカの小説家 2 月 27 日カリフォルニア州モンテレー郡サリーナス生まれ 父はドイツ系 母はアイルランド系で 母方の祖父母への傾斜が強くみられ ケルト民族の血の意識が濃い 自然を愛し 宇宙の神秘に感動し 暗い憂愁に彷徨 ( ほうこう ) する民族への思いである 作家というより典型的な西部男という風貌 ( ふうぼう ) 1920 年スタンフォード大学に入学 英文学を学ぶかたわら ギリシア古典文学 生物学に関心を示し 在学 5 年で退学 ニューヨーク市へ出てれんが運びや記者生活ののち 故郷へ帰る 人間と自然 西欧と非西欧への問いが一貫して認められる 作品には 天の牧場 (1932) 知られざる神に捧 ( ささ ) ぐ (1933) トーティヤ台地 (1935) 勝敗のわからぬ戦 ( いくさ ) (1936) 二十日鼠 ( はつかねずみ ) と人間 (1937) 長い谷間 (1938) 怒りの葡萄 ( ぶどう ) (1939) 晩年はアメリカ文明を批判 キリスト教と異教 近代の産業主義と原始主義などのテーマと取り組んだ 人道主義的作風は野生人としての自然愛に裏づけられ 伝統的西部開拓者の剛毅 ( ごうき ) と悲哀が込められている 57 年 ( 昭和 32) 国際ペンクラブ大会で来日 62 年ノーベル文学賞受賞 6
7 怒りの葡萄 The Grapes of Wrath(1939) オクラホマ州 Oklahoma では砂嵐が何年も続く 銀行に土地を奪われた農民のジョード一家は カリフォルニアの果樹園で労働者を募集していると知り ぼろトラックを買い家族全員で旅立つ Okies, 苦労の末にたどり着くと 果樹園主は安い賃金で労働者を搾取する the Hoovervilles で 飢えに瀕した家族は一家離散 主人公トムは絶望的なストライキに参加する The Grapes of Wrath(1939) Route 66 旧約聖書の 出エジプト記 がモデル イスラエル人がモーセに率いられてエジプトを脱出する話 乳と密の流れる肥沃な土地はカリフォルニアに相当する たどり着いても the Joad family には悲惨な運命が待っていた モーセ (Moses) に相当する予言者は ジム ケイシー (Jim Casey = Jesus Christ) という説教師 Joad 家の 12 人はイスラエルの 12 部族 カリフォルニアがカナン ( 約束の土地 ) トムは悲惨な体験を通じて 労働者の団結の必要を自覚する As Tom Joad puts it: "They're a-workin' away at our spirits. They're a tryin' to make us cringe an' crawl like a whipped bitch. They tryin' to break us. Why, Jesus Christ, Ma, they comes a time when the on'y way a fella can keep his decency is by takin' a sock at a cop. They're workin' on our decency." 7
8 20 章 : 生き続ける民衆 She said Yes. Ma smiled. I knowed you would. I knowed! She looked down at her hands, tight-locked in her lap. Rose of Sharon whispered, Will will all go out? The rain whisked lightly( そっと降る ) on the roof. Ma leaned forward and with her palm she brushed the tousled( 乱れた ) hair back from her daughter s forehead, and she kissed her on the forehead. Ma got up quickly. Come on, you fellas, she called. You come out in the tool shed( 道具置き場 ). Ruthie opened her mouth to speak. Hush, Ma said. Hush and git. She herded them through the door, drew the boy with her; and she closed the squeaking door. For a minute Rose of Sharon sat still in the whispering barn. The she hoisted ( 立ち上がる ) her tired body up and drew the comfort( 掛け布団 ) about her. She moved slowly to the corner and stood looking down at the wasted face, into the wide, frightened eyes. Then slowly she lay down beside him. He shook his head slowly from side to side. Rose of Sharon loosened one side of the blanket and bared her breast. You got to, she said. She squirmed closer ( 身を寄せる )and pulled his head close. There! she said. There. Her hand moved behind his head and supported it. Her fingers moved gently in his hair. She looked up and across the barn, and her lips came together and smiled mysteriously. Iron Curtain The Cold War On May 12, 1945, 4 days after victory in Europe, Winston Churchill sent Truman a front telegram: An iron curtain is drown upon the Russian. Truman Doctrine US vs USSR It must be the policy of the US to support free people who are resisting attempted subjugation( 征服 ) by armed minorities or by outside pressures( ソビエト側勢力 ). In 1950, North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 北大西洋条約機構 In 1955, Warsaw Treaty Organization ワルシャワ条約機構 COMECON (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, 経済相互援助会議,1949 ) 8
9 Marshal Plan from 1947 to 1952 A program of massive aid could rescue western Europe from disaster and possible Communist subversion( 共産勢力による政権転覆 ) $13 billion to GB, France, Italia, W. Germany To EU OEEC( ヨーロッパ経済協力機構, 1948) => OECD( ヨーロッパ経済共同体, 1961) =>EC( ヨーロッパ共同体, 1967) =>EU( ヨーロッパ連合 1993) フランスの外相シューマンと文官ジャン モネは 強力に経済的な動機づけをすれば 伝統的な独仏の敵対関係も棚上げになるだろうと考えた 1950 年 5 月シューマンは 西ドイツとフランスの石炭業や鉄鋼業を管理する共同機構を設立し ヨーロッパのほかの国々にも加盟の道を開いてはどうかと提案した EU 1993 from 13 countries EU Now Euro 2002 to Standard Global Currency Euro Countries 9
10 Witch-Hunt, Red Purge, Red Baiting, 赤狩り Korean War (1950 to 53) The second Red Scare reached a crescendo during the Korean Conflict => Korean War (1950) South Korea (UN + US) North Korea (Soviet + Communist China) Capitalism Vs Communism in Asia Vietnam French-supported regime of Emperor Bao Dai vs Ho Chi Minh s Vietnamese guerillas The Chinese Nationalists of Chian Kai-Shek 蒋介石 in Taiwan vs The Communists of Mao Tse-Tung (Mao Zedong 毛沢東 ) in Pekin or Beijin Sen.Joseph McCarthy s Witch Hunt 共和党上院議員マッカーシーは 1950 年代初め 赤狩り にのりだした 戦後のアメリカ政治がアメリカの期待どおりに進展しないのは 国内や政府内に共産主義者がひそんでいるからだ 彼は上院査問委員会の委員長をつとめ はげしい口調で疑いのある者を糾弾して アメリカじゅうにマッカーシー旋風をまきおこした House Committee on Un-American Activities(HUAC)" 非米活動委員会 Are you or were you ever a member of any Communist Party? 1940 年代から 50 年代にかけて アメリカ社会に破壊的な影響をもたらす恐れのある人物の活動を調査したアメリカ連邦議会下院の委員会 Hollywood Ten From left, front row: Herbert Biberman, attorneys Martin Popper and Robert W. Kenny, Albert Maltz, Lester Cole, second row: Dalton Trumbo, John Howard Lawson, Alvah Bessie, Samuel Ornitz back row: Ring Lardner Jr., Edward Dmytryk, Adrian Scott. The ten men were convicted of contempt. Their appeals of course were denied, all served prison terms of up to one year. 10
11 Committee for the First Amendment (CFA) A Committee for the First Amendment (CFA) was formed by Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, William Wyler, John Huston, Gene Kelly and others. They travelled to Washington to protest at the HUAC hearings. What is The First Amendment? Congress shall make now law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances( 不満を除くために政府に抗議すること ). 11
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