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14 American Party System (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), 13; J. David Gillespie, Politics at the Periphery: Third Parties in Two Party America (South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 993), 9-15; Joseph M. Hazlett, III., The Libertarian Party and Other Minor Political Parties in the United States (North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 1982), 2-20.

and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999); Ernest B. Frick, "The Great Depression in Allentown," in T.H. Coode and J.F. Bauman, eds.

15 and Reform in Depression Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999); Ernest B. Frick, "The Great Depression in Allentown," in T.H. Coode and J.F. Bauman, eds., People, Poverty, and Politics: Pennsylvanians during the Great Depression (Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1981), ; Sally A. Witt, "Hell Was Not Made for Us: Farther James R. Cox and the Catholic Church of Pittsburgh in 1940s." (Master's Thesis, Duquesne University, 1989); T.H. Coode and John D. Petrarulo, "The Odyssey of Pittsburgh's Father Cox," The Western Pennsylvania

System: Prospects and Obstacles," in T.J. Lowi and Joseph Romance, eds., A Republic of Parties? Debating Two-Party System (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998), 3-30; Howard A.

16 System: Prospects and Obstacles," in T.J. Lowi and Joseph Romance, eds., A Republic of Parties? Debating Two-Party System (New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1998), 3-30; Howard A. Scarrow, "Duverger's Law, Fusion, and the Decline of American "Third" Parties," The Western Political Quarterly, 39 (December 1986), 634- Workers Education Bureau, 1928), ; Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform: From Bryan to FDR (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1968), ) Michael P. Weber, Don't Call Me Boss: David L. Lawrence, Pittsburgh's Renaissance Mayor (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1988), 46; "Unemployed Citizens League: Pittsburgh and Unemployed," McKinney Papers. ment: U.S. Government vs. NIRA, Public Works and Constitution Project," Delaware River Joint Commission, Pinchot Papers, Box 2563; "Organization Meetings of Gov. Roosevelt's Institution Commission on Unemployment Insurance," Pinchot Papers, 10) Augustus K. Oliver to McKinney, April 4th, 1933, McKinney Papers; Hebert D. Hudnut to Pinchot, October 6th, 1933, WSHC. 11) Rice, "Remembering Father James R. Cox," Pittsburgh Catholic December 15th, 1989; OHCOR, 2. 12) Cox, "Father Cox's Own Story of Jobless March to Capitol," (Unpublished Draft), Cox Papers, Box 2; Coode and Petrarulo, (Idaho: University of Idaho Press, 1994), ) Cox, "Father Cox's Own Story of Jobless March to Capitol." 15) Interview with Father James R. Cox, Pastor at St. Patrick Church at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Cox Papers, Box 1. 16) Cox, "Father Cox's Own Story of Jobless March to Capitol." 17) Heineman, 25-30; John J. Ewers, "Father Cox's Blue Shirts," The Christian Century, 49 (June 1932), ) Charles O. Rice, "America's Darkest Decade," The Critic (Winter 1987), 23-25; Rice, "Catholic and Radical," (Unpublished Manuscript), Rice Papers. 19) S. Raushenbush to Douds, December 17th, 1932, Douds Papers, Carton 1; Douds, "The League for Social Justice of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania," (Unpublished Draft, 1978),

21) Charles H, Hopkins to Mrs. Rauschenbusch, March 3rd, 1937, SR Papers, Box 82. 22) Douds, "The Pennsylvania Security League." 23) "PSL Letter," PSL File, Douds Papers, Carton 1.

17 21) Charles H, Hopkins to Mrs. Rauschenbusch, March 3rd, 1937, SR Papers, Box ) Douds, "The Pennsylvania Security League." 23) "PSL Letter," PSL File, Douds Papers, Carton 1. 24) Douds, "The League for Social Justice of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania." 25) OHHR, 3-9; "The Organized Unemployed in Pennsylvania," Ruttenberg Papers, Box 1; Ruttenberg to Geary, November 14th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 1; Ruttenberg to Harry Hopkins, December 17th, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 6; "By Laws of the PSL," July 13th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box ) Proceedings of the Open Forums and Debates by LSJ, Douds Papers; "Official Minutes: Joint Conference of Unemployed Project Workers, Harrisburg," Ruttenberg Papers, Box 1; Ruttenberg to Hetzel, October 13th, 1934, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 6. 27) James J. Lorence, Gerald J. Boileau and the Progressive-Farmer-Labor Alliance (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1994), ) Ruttenberg's Memo on Third Parties, (Undated), Ruttenberg Papers, Box 1. 29) Ralph Hetzel, Jr., to Ruttenberg, June 18th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 6. 30) Article Draft (Untitled, Undated), SR Papers, Box ) Pinchot to C.W. Butler, November 13th, 1934, Pinchot Papers, Box ) Ruttenberg's Memo on Third Parties, (Undated), Ruttenberg Papers, Box 1. 33) Stephan Raushenbush to Pauline Raushenbush, SR Papers, Box 83; Ruttenberg to Raushenbush, July 8th, 1934, Ruttenberg Papers, Box ) Douds' Memorandum, January 30th, 1937, Douds Papers; Treasurer's Report, March 7th, 1936, PSL File, Ruttenberg Papers, Box ) Merill Jackson to the All Workers of the Workers Alliance, August 4th, 1936, Fleckenstein Papers, Box 1; OHHR, ) "Minutes for Executive Session of the PSL," July 13th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 11.

18 39) Ickes to Amos Pinchot, October 19th, 1936, Ickes Papers, Box ) John McCormick to Farley, November 24th, 1935, Farley Papers, Box ) Diary of Henry Morgenthau Jr., March 18th, 1935, The Morgenthau Diaries: Depression and the New Deal, (Maryland: University Publications of America, 1995). 42) Douds, "The Pennsylvania Security League." 43) Douds, "The Pennsylvania Security League: A Brief History," Unpublished Draft, (June 23rd, 1979), Douds Papers; Hetzel to Ruttenberg, August 11th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 6. 44) PSL to Eric Biddle, September 14th, 1934; PSL to Harry Hopkins, September 14th, 1934, Douds Papers, Carton 1; "Minutes of Executive Session of the PSL," July 13th, 1935, Ruttenberg Papers, Box 11. (New York: Basic Books, 1982), ; James L. Canfield, A Case of Third Party Activism: The George Wallace Campaign Worker and the American Independent Party (Maryland: University Press of America, 1984),