No. 18 March The Language Policies in 20th Century Cambodia: Debates on Orthography and Coinage Hideo Sasagawa This paper tries to explore

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1 No. 18 March The Language Policies in 20th Century Cambodia: Debates on Orthography and Coinage Hideo Sasagawa This paper tries to explore the process in which an ethnic Khmer language became the national one in Cambodia. In order to analyze this issue, activities and debates concerned with orthography and coinage of the modern vocabulary are discussed. The committee for editing a Khmer dictionary established in 1915 consisted both of the members who insisted etymological style of orthography and those who asserted phonemic style. A Buddhist monk Chuon Nat took initiative from 1926 and published the first Khmer language dictionary in After the perfection of orthography based on etymological style in the dictionary, the Cultural Committee began to create new vocabularies from Here again Chuon Nat assumed leadership with his best friend Huot Tat. Word formation of the Cultural Committee rejected Sanskrit-originated words created in Siam and preferred Pali language as elements of the modern vocabulary. Against these activities, Keng Vannsak lodged a strong objection, and claimed that the Khmer language had to exclude as many Sanskrit/Pali-originated words as possible to expand primary education. In 1967 the National Assembly recognized Khmer as teaching language at schools, and a new educational magazine Khemarayeanakam Khmerization was launched. The followers of Keng Vannsak presented another way of coinage which seemed much easier, and advocated a new orthography. Even after the civil war, their new orthography had been employed in education and media. In 2009, however, orthography recurred to the dictionary. Through a study of vicissitudes of language policies, we can understand the formation and development of Cambodian cultural nationalism. By the early 1960s, the Buddhist monks attempted to differentiate Cambodian modern vocabulary from Thai. Afterward, the advocates of Khmerization who had no longer learned the Thai language aimed at the purification and simplification of the Khmer language Associate ofessor, College of Asia Pacific Studies, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University 143

2 Huot ca. 1998; Jennar 1995; Edwards 1999; Edwards 2007: 249 Khin 1999a; 1999b Khin 1999a ; Picq

3 Chuon 1967 Cœdès Aymonier Cœdès 1938: Ibid.:

4 Chuon 1967: kh CE /dǝǝn/ /damnǝǝn/ /daǝ/ /dɔmnaǝ/ 18 syntax Huffman 1973: 507; Jacob 1993: 42 trvāc ตรวจ c /t/ រតរ /truot/ t រត /truoc/ 20 រព រ ជ ណណច រ ជ ស 肤 រព មហ ក រក រកមក ជ ធ 21 រ ជ ណ 22 kingdom āṇā cakra 6 ราชอาณาจ กร 1997:

5 : Nhok 1949: 243 Nhok : Janvier, Février, Mars, etc T K S P 7 T K T S, K P 2 T K S P 8 T K T S, K P 3 T K S P 9 T K T S, K P 4 T K S P 10 T K S P 5 T K T S, K P 11 T K T S, K P 6 T K S P 12 T K S P 147

6 Kram Kret akas

7 Kret Kret Chap Pin Ouk Mauth Menh Nakry Tin Ruot Oum Peou Chhim Soth Tim ak Kim Hak Ung Tong Phkar Chuon Nat Huot Tat Tep Ou Sau Hay Van Sadum Pang Khat Martini [François?] Ieu Koeus Thonn Ouk Nou Hach Niek Nou Chhim Krasem Nhok Them Pou Um Tchoum Tuoth Ponn Supheach Chea Uom Yim Venn Sam Thang Ray Buc Pen So Chum Tuot Svay So Chau Sau Meas Yuth 7 Tan Kim Yuon [Huon] Chau Seng Pheng Kanthel Ho Tong Lip Ouch Venn Sam Thang 149

8 Kret Kret Meas Saem Mau Say Keng Van Sak Khieu Komar Thao Kun Tep Yok Eng Soth Ros Ho Hell Samphar Meas Chheng Sien Khandy Aum Leng Eang Khuon Chhiek Soeur Kean Dy Rang Oeur Kim San Huot ca. 1970: Ibid.: 4 Ibid.:

9 20 Ibid.: Victor Goloubew Leonard Aurousseau Ibid.: Jacob 1996: 76 77; Khing 1993: Corfield and Summers 2003: ; Ieu 1947: kh-ch

10 K T K T K T S, P, ราชอาณาจ กร S P trvāc K T K, T K 35 K T K, K S, P, F, E K T 3 K S, P 1, K T S P S, P 152

11 Kambuja Suriya, 21 4, Avril , Juin 1951 K T K T K T S P S P S P K T K T K S P S P T K K K S, P S P S P S P F E / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

12 4 2 Kambuja Suriya, 33 1, Janvier , Avril 1963 K T K T K T S P S P S P K T K T K S P S P T K K K S,P S P S P S P F E / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /

13 K S, P /r/ /i / /é / Ieu 1947: r Cœdès 1938: 316 r /i / /é / Ieu 1947: 4 Ibid.: 18 Ibid.: Ibid.: Ibid.: 270 Ibid.:

14 1940 Ibid.: Ibid.: SOAS Corfield and Summers 2003: ; Khing 1993: Anonymous Keng 1964: ខមរន យកម 156

15 20 Ibid.: 433 ff Khin 1999a: Ibid.: ហង ធន ហ 39 ឡ ច ផ ង រត ង 40 Kong Orn Ibid.: Keo Chèm Vann Molyvann Ibid.: ខមរយ នម :

16 franc ហ ង Khin 1999a: 308 ឣ / Ɂ aa/ អ ណ / Ɂ ɔmnaa/ 44 សរ សរ/sɔsee/ សរ /see/ ស នរ ស ណរ/sɔmnee/ Ibid.: Khin 1999a: 305, n. 48; Ly 2006: 47 ត ម ត ល ក ណ ត ក ន ត Ly 2006:

17 20 5 Khemarayeanakam, 1 1, Sept , Fév K T K T K T S P S P S P K T K T K S P S P T K K K S,P S P S P S P F E / / / /

18 5 K T K T K T S P S P S P K T K T K S P S P T K K K S,P S P S P S P F E /

19 20 ឲ ឣ ឯណ អណ Khin 1999a: 305, n ក ន ត /kɔmna t/ /kɔmn t/ Ly 2006: Ibid.: Ibid.: Royal Academy Institute of National Language Institute of National Language ឲ ឣ

21 C A A ANC BR DC ESP IB RSC Archives Nationales du Cambodge Bibliothèque Royale Documentations du Cambodge Ecole Supérieure de Pali Institut Bouddhique Résident Supérieur au Cambodge 1 ANC DC 107 រដ ធម ន ញ រប ទស ម ca ; ; 1999; 2005 Driller Ivarsson ; Khin 1999a: 298; 1999b: Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 3 11, Novembre 1904, p Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 10 9, Septembre 1911, pp Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 14 9, Septembre 1915, p Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 18 11, Novembre 1919, p Edwards 2007: 192 Cœdès 1938: /r/ r Ibid.: Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 25 7, Juillet 1926, p ANC RSC Extrait du procès-verbal de la 511ème séance plénière du Conseil des Ministres tenue le 28 Octobre 1926 sous la ésidence de Monsieur le Résident Supérieur BAUDOIN. 163

22 ANC RSC Box No. File No. 14 ANC RSC OR N o 78, 30 Novembre ANC RSC Lettre N o 619 Br du Conservateur de la BR à RSC, 25 Juillet Journal Officiel de l Indochine Française, 13, 13 Février 1943, pp ANC RSC Activité de l IB pendant le mois de Décembre 1943, Rapport à Monsieur le RSC Cabinet, 30 Décembre 1943 N o 1241ib. 18 Bulletin Administratif du Cambodge, 43 11, 16 Mars 1944, p Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 26 57, 22 Juillet 1970, p trvāc tamrvāc ต ารวจ/tamruat/ ដ រ ត/dɔmruot/ Antelme កម ជ 22 រ ជឣ ណ 1960 រ ជ ណ rāja āṇā rājāṇā Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 1 2, 29 Mars 1945, p Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 1 2, 29 Mars 1945, pp Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 2 32, 15 Août 1946, p Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 3 42, 27 Novembre 1947, pp Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 3 44, 18 Décembre 1947, pp : ANC RSC Lettre N o 10 du [RSC] 2ème Bureau, au Ministre de l Instruction Publique, 11 Février Anonymous [1966a]; Pon [1966]; Trinh [1970] Anonymous [1966b]; Chea [1966] ช วย ជ យ T K ជ យ ជ ន យ K T 36 Hansen [2007: 35 44, 71 76] 2006: Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 17 50, 8 Mars 1961, pp ; Reach Kech, 17 50, 8 Mars 1961, pp ខមរ ខ រ Kambu Merā Kamera ក មរ เขมร ខមរ Corfield & Summers 2003: Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 23 3, 11 Janvier 1967, pp Khemarayeanakam, 1 1, Septembre 1967, p. 17. Khin 1999: 304, n. 43 Khemarayeanakam, 1 1, Septembre 1967, p Khemarayeanakam, 1 1, Septembre 1967, pp Khemarayeanakam, 1 1, Septembre 1967, p Journal Officiel du Cambodge, 22 68, 3 Septembre 1966, pp ; Reach Kech, 22 68, 3 Septembre 1966, pp

23 Anonymous. 1966a. Biographie de Sa Sainteté Chuon Nath, Samdech eah Sangharaja de 1er rang, Supérieur de l ordre Mohanikaya. Le Sangkum: Revue Politique Illustrée 12: b. Biographie de Son Eminence Samdech eah Pothiveang Huot Tat. Le Sangkum: Revue Politique Illustrée 13: Cambodian PM Regrets Keng Vannsak s Death. The Cambiodia Weekly 2 52, December 28, 2008-January 3, 2009, p. 2. Antelme, Michel La réappropriation en khmer de mots empruntés par la langue siamoise au vieux khmer. Patani: ince of Songkla University. Aymonier, Etienne Dictionnaire Khmêr-Français. Saigon: Autographié par Son Diep. Chea Tuan ជ ទន ហ. ត Kambuja Suriya 38 6 : Chuon Nath ជ នណ In វចន ន រកម ខ Dictionnaire cambodgien, cinquième édition. Phnom Penh: Institut Bouddhique. Cœdès, George Bibliographie: Vacanânukrama khmèr Dictionnaire cambodgien. BEFEO 38: Corfield, Justin, and Laura Summers Historical Dictionary of Cambodia. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford: The Scarecrow ess. Driller, Anthony What makes Central Thai a National Language? In Craig J. Reynolds ed., National Identity and Its Defenders: Thailand, Melbourne: Aristoc ess; reprint, Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books, 1993, pp Edwards, Penny Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, Ph.D. dissertation, Monash University Cambodge: The Cultivation of a Nation, Honolulu: University of Hawai i ess. Hansen, Anne Ruth How to Behave: Buddhism and Modernity in Colonial Cambodia, Honolulu: University of Hawai i ess. Huffman, Franklin E Thai and Cambodian: A Case of Syntactic Borrowing? Journal of the American Oriental Society 93 4 : Huot Tat ហ ត ត. ca កល យណម ត របស ខ Phnom Penh: Institut Bouddhique; reprint, Huot Vutthy ហ ត វ ទ. ca របជ រដ ធម ជ ញ ម - ភ ពញ មហ 䡌 វ ទ យ យន Ieu Koeus អ វ ក ស La langue cambodgienne: un essai d étude raisonnée. Phnom Penh: រ ងព ម ងររ ង ; reprint, Phnom Penh: Institut Bouddhique, ASEAN pp : Institute of National Language, Royal Academy វ ទ យ ស យ នភ សស 銬 ជ ភន រ ជប វចន ន រក អកវរ ន រ នភ Phnom Penh: IIC. Ivarsson, Søren Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space between Indochina and Siam, Copenhagen: NIAS ess : : C. pp Jacob, Judith Notes on the Numerals and Numeral Coefficients in Old, Middle and Modern Khmer, in David A. Smyth ed., Cambodian Linguistics, Literature and History: Collected Articles, Judith Jacob. London: SOAS, University of London, pp The Traditional Literature of Cambodia: A eliminary Guide. N.Y.: OUP. Jennar, Raoul M The Cambodian Constitutions Bangkok: White Lotus Keng Vannsak កង វ ន ស incipes de création des mots nouveax. Phnom Penh: Faculté des Lettres et des Sciences Humaines. Khin Sok. 1999a. La khmérisation de l enseignement et l indépendance culturelle au Cambodge. BEFEO 86: b. La grammaire du Khmer moderne. Paris: Edition You-Feng. Khing Hoc Dy Ecrivains et expression littéraires du Cambodge au XXème siècle: Contribution à l histoire de la littérature khmère, vol. 2. Paris: L Harmattan :

24 Ly Sovir ល ស វ រ អ ក រ បច កស រ លអក រ ខររម n. p.: Meng Hao inting House pp Nhok Them ញ ក ថម Kambuja Suriya 21 4 : ជ ត មហ 憰 ក. n. p Picq, Laurence De la réforme linguistique et de l usage des mots chez les Khmer Rouge. Asie du Sud-Est et Monde Insulindien : Pon Sompheach, eah Sammatevong រព ស រ សម ស វង ប ណ ស មភ ជ នណ រព សង ឃរ ជថ ១គណមហ 澤 ន. Kambuja Suriya 38 5 : COE Area Studies No. 85 G-COE Series, No : Trinh Hoanh Biography of Samdech eah Sanghareach Chuon-Nath: The Chief of Mahanikaya Order, tr. by Tor Ann. Phnom Penh: Inistitut Bouddhique :

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推定課税制度の概要 ( 個人事業者向け ) 2015 年 3 月独立行政法人日本貿易振興機構ビジネス展開支援課ジェトロプノンペン事務所本推定課税制度は 2015 年末に廃止されました 2016 年 8 月現在すべての課税事業者は申告納税制度 ( 実態課税制度 ) に登録することとされており推定課税制度に新規登録することはできません免責条項本マニュアルで提供している情報はご利用される方のご判断