投稿論文ポーランド経済と EU ファンド Contribution of EU Funds to Economic Growth in Poland Matsuura, Mitsuyoshi Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Economic

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1 投稿論文ポーランド経済と EU ファンド Contribution of EU Funds to Economic Growth in Poland Matsuura, Mitsuyoshi Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University Abstract Poland has shown strong economic growth for 20 years since 1995, and is also the only EU country that achieved positive GDP growth in 2009 during the global recession. Several studies have looked at the causes of this good economic performance, and attribute it to such as the effective utilization of EU Funds, stimulus by macroeconomic policy, devaluation of Polish currency, prudential control or regulation in the financial system and so forth. Poland is a country well favored with foreign aid both before and after its accession to the EU from international institutions including the EU. When the focus is given to EU Funds after joining the EU on May 1, 2004, it is easy to understand that such funds play an important role as key driver of economic growth in Poland. Poland enjoys a comparatively big allocation of EU Funds, indeed it was the top recipient of funds when the Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) was in effect ( ). The financial transfer of EU Funds is 3.7 times greater than the Polish contribution to the EU, and this amounts to 4% of Polish overall GDP (3% by Structural Fund and 1% by Common Agricultural Policy (so called CAP)) according to 2013 statistics. Furthermore the ratio of EU Funds to the governmental budget is 10-20%. The G20 members at the London Summit 2009 agreed to a financial stimulus of around 3% of GDP to mitigate the global recession. Thus the 4% of GDP from EU Funds should contribute greatly to Polish GDP growth. EU funds can be classified by 2 main categories, one is Structural Funds and the other is CAP payments mentioned above. Structural Funds are used to support the modernization of infrastructures by member states or between member states. Therefore it can be utilized as fiscal investment to promote GDP growth. Most CAP payments are allocated to farmers as direct-aid payments, which may result in an expansion of domestic demand (as household consumption). In fact, GDP ratio of the construction industry in Poland is 2% higher than in other EU member states, and the consumption propensity is also 5% higher. EU Funds are costless financial grants from the EU without any fiscal burden falling Keywords: EU Funds, Structural Funds, CAP payments, Middle-income trap 87

2 88 on the Polish government. Hence there is no serious concern about crowding-out in the financial market, nor about rising interest rates of government bonds. EU Funds are, therefore, a very effective tool for Polish authorities to control economic growth. As they fully understand its function and importance in their national economy, Poland had tried as much allocation of EU Funds as possible under the current MFF regime. In the recent economic forecast by the EU, Poland is expected to continue its good economic performance in the coming years mainly due to robust domestic demand. But there is fear that the Polish economy may fall into the Middle-income trap over the longterm, if they continue to depend on EU Funds for the progress of their economy EU 2009 GDP EU 1 1 MG &60 2 OECD Orlowski UFJ GDP GDP Growth Rate: EUROSTAT, e=en&pcode=tec00115&plugin=1 (accessed ).

3 EU 89 EU EU EU US$ EU PHARE EU EU EU 2 EU 3 EU EU EU EU EU 1 EU EU EU MFF MFF , , GNI 1% MFF 4 MFF Emergency Aid Reserve 1 CAP JETRO MG 2010, , JETRO EU 2013, 8.

4 90 European Globalisation Adjustment FundEuropean Union Solidarity Fund Flexibility Instrument European Development Fund EU MFF MFF 5 EU 1986 Cohesion Policy 6 EU CAP EU 4 CAP 8 9 Cohesion Policy ERDF 2, % EU ESF % CF % GNI EU 90% CAP EAGF EAFRD 4, % EAGF EAFRD 7, % 5 3.4% , accessed EU 2014a. 9 European Commission, Cohesion Policy Data, (accessed ) (accessed )

5 EU 91 2 EU ERDF ESF CF EAFRD 1 19% 2 CAP EU EU EU CF GNI EU 90% 11 EU GDP 2.4% 2013 GDP 3,960 CAP EU GDP 3.7% 2 EU CAP MFF EU CAP EU Funds: European Commission, accessed EU EU 2015b EU 2014b, EU 23% 12 GDP 3.8% EU EU 2015a.

6 MFF European Commission, EU expenditure and revenue data download, budget/financialreport/2013/foreword/index_en.html accessed , EU-28 1,442 EU MFF % EU % 97% 100% CAP EU 4 ERDF 36% CF 18% ESF 10% CAP EAGF & EAFRD 36% CAP CAP EAGF EAFRD EAGF % % EU 2015a, 7 CAP GVA Gross Value Added 3.5% 12% 14 GDP 60% 14 EU 2015a.

7 EU 93 4 EU GDP EU Paid Fund: European Commission, EU payments to Member States with a breakdown by programming period, Member States, Funds, and years, (accessed ). EU CAP: European Commission, Financial reports: EAGF and EAFRD, cap-funding/financial-reports/index_en.htm (accessed ). GDP: Central Statistical Office, Annual Macroeconomic indicators, (accessed ). Exchange rate: National Bank of Poland, (accessed ) EU EU 5 5% % 0.8% EU FDI FDI OECD 2012, 14.

8 94 5 EU GDP Narodowy Bank Polski (National Bank of Poland), aspx?f=/en/statystyka/bilansplatniczy.html (accessed ). EU 4 EU 16 EU EU 2014c, 232 MFF GDP EU 1.7% 1% 2009 CAP EU 52 GDP 1.6% 1 17 CAP EU GDP 1.6% CAP EAFRD 0.3% CAP EAGF 0.36% CAP GDP 0.6% 60% 2.26% 2009 GDP 2.6% 90% EU 2009 GDP 7.4% 2009 EU-28 2% GDP EU EU 6 EU % % % Balance of Payment IMF 2012, , 6.

9 EU 95 6 EU Budget CSO Macroeconomic indicators, (accessed ). EU Fund 5 EU G20 GDP 15% 5.5% 3.4% EU 3.3% % 7.3% EU EU EU ,000 GDP 3% , , % GDP 1.5% 10.1% 3% 19 EU 177, , Ministry of Foreign Affairs, (accessed )

10 96 5,600 EU 56% 8,000 1, ,600 km 70% EU GDP 21 GDP 0.57% % 22 GDP 2014 PPS Purchasing Power Standard EU GDP 68 EU GDP EU 2014c, % % % 5.78% % 9.8% 1.3% EU FDI FDI EU MG 2015, % 39% 14% 66% 31% 2013 FDI EU EUKozak 2011, EU EU EU FDI EUROSTAT EU-28 GDP 2% 0.9% 22 EU MRD 2008, 23.

11 EU EU 2015c, 154 EU % % % EU CAP % 25 EU EU EU 2009 EU CAP EU EU EU CAP EU EU TFP W EU Spring 2003/No ef2rrrr-summary.pdf accessed UFJ 2011 BTMU Focus London (Economic Research), 5, August, GDP 46% 2013 EU EU EU 25 European Commission, (accessed )

12 EU (2009), European Cohesion Policy in Poland (brochure), informat/country2009/pl_en.pdf (accessed ). EU (2013), Multiannual financial framework and EU budget 2014, European Union. EU (2014a) EU EU MAG accessed EU (2014b), The EU budget in my country Poland, European Commission. EU (2014c), Sixth report on economic, social and territorial cohesion, European Commission. EU (2015a), Member States Factsheets POLAND, European Commission, factsheets/pdf/pl_en.pdf (accessed ). EU (2015b) Member States Factsheets EUROPEAN UNION, European Commission, agriculture/statistics/factsheets/pdf/eu_en.pdf (accessed ). EU (2015c), EU Economic Forecast, Autumn 2015, European Commission. IMF (2012), World Economic Outlook October 2012: Coping with High Debt and Sluggish Growth. Kozak, Marek (2011), Impact of Cohesion policy on Poland, e110830afinal01094.pdf (accessed ). MG (2010), POLAND 2010 REPORT ECONOMY, (Polish) Ministry of Economy. MG (2015), POLAND 2015 REPORT ECONOMY, (Polish) Ministry of Economy. MRD (2008), Poland and its fund, (Polish) Ministry of Regional Development. OECD (2012), OECD Economic Surveys POLAND, March Orlowski, Witold (2011), Post-accession economic development of Poland, Eastern Journal of European Studies Vol. 2, Issue 2.

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投稿論文 ポーランド経済と EU ファンド Contribution of EU Funds to Economic Growth in Poland Matsuura, Mitsuyoshi Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Economic

投稿論文ポーランド経済と EU ファンド Contribution of EU Funds to Economic Growth in Poland Matsuura, Mitsuyoshi Doctoral Student, Graduate School of Economic