Ground Motion Simulations of Moderate Earthquakes for Comparison of Performance of 3D Subsurface Structural Models in Kanto Plain for Strong Motion Pr

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1 Ground Motion Simulations of Moderate Earthquakes for Comparison of Performance of 3D Subsurface Structural Models in Kanto Plain for Strong Motion Prediction Nobuyuki YAMADA Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto , Japan Hiroaki YAMANAKA Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, , Japan (Received September 5, 2002; Accepted May 6, 2003) Effects of 3D subsurface structural model must be accurately included in estimation of strong ground motion for earthquakes. In this article we examined performance of two 3D models of the Kanto basin, Japan in a finite difference ground motion simulations. The 3D contour maps proposed by Suzuki (1999) and Yamanaka and Yamada (2002) were digitized and used in simulations of ground motions for two moderate earthquakes, which occurred with an intermediate-depth under the Uraga channel [EQ1 (MJMA 5.9)] and with a shallow depth near Izu-Oshima island [EQ2 (MJMA 6.5)], for aiming at understanding effect of differences in the models on simulated motion. These two events were chosen to know the differences such effect during the events at the difference location in Kanto basin. The results of the EQ1 ground motion simulation showed a good agreement between observed and synthetic velocities that were mainly characterized by an impulsive S-wave onset. Although, the synthetic waveforms could qualitatively explain some characteristics of the observed motions, which were a long duration and a predominant long-period component, the observed motion in the EQ2 were not fully reconstructed by simulation. We concluded that this difficulty was caused by the uncertainty subsurface structure which existing propagation path for the EQ2 simulation. A quantitative comparison with between the synthetic motions in the two models was tried by using difference of envelope function. The area with major differences of the synthetic was found around center of Tokyo. The model by Suzuki (1999) showed better result than the model by Yamanaka and Yamada (2002) in the area. However, at the other area showed opposite tendency. These differences for the 3D synthetic motions clearly indicated a performance of the two models. These features can be used for constructing a new 3D underground structure model. Key words: 3D modeling, Finite difference method, Long-period ground motion, Kanto plain, 3D basin model.

2 Fig. 1. Map of the Kanto plain modeled in finite difference simulation. Locations of two earthquake epicenters and stations are shown by stars and solid circles respectively. EQl is 1992 Uraga channel earthquake, and EQ2 is the 1990 Izu-Oshima earthquake.

3 (a)1st boundary (b) 2nd boundary (c) 3rd boundary Fig. 2. Contour maps showing the depths of interfaces in the models for the Kanto basin. Thick lines in top contour map are reproduction of Suzuki (1999), and in bottom contour maps are that of Yamanaka and Yamada (2002a). Dashed lines in these maps around Sagami Bay are drawn after Nishizawa et al. (1996). A contour line of 0.0 m of (b) and (c) in Y-model is decided after geological map. Each number shows the depth in km.

4 (a) (b) (c) (d) Table 1. Physical parameters for 3D FD Fig. 3. Contour maps showing the depth of interfaces in the models of deeper than basement for the Kanto district. These thick contour lines are drowned after Ashiya et al. (1987) and IshidaA (1992). (a), (b), (c) and (d) show the depth to the Conrad, Moho, upper boundary of Philippine Sea plate and upper boundary of Pacific plate. simulations. (a) lstboundary (b) 2nd boundary (c) 3rd boundary Fig. 4. Digitized contour map of depth interfaces of Y-model in Fig. 2. Each number shows the depth in km.

5 115 関 東 平 野 に お け る地 下 構 造 モ デ ルの 比 較 の ため の 中 規 模 地 震 の 地 震 動 シ ミュ レ一 シ ョ ン (a) 1st boundary Fig. 5. Difference of the depth to each layer differences calculated by the subtraction in this figure are depth to the interfaces 5(b)の 分 布 と 似 た 傾 向 を 示 す と と も に,房 方 が,基 S-model and Y-model of the depth of S-model in Y-model in Fig. 2. Table 2. from from that Simulation digitized data. of Y-model. parameters These The lines for FD simulations. は マ イ ナ ス の差 は プ ラ ス の 差 異 が 顕 著 で あ る.す 中 間 層 深 度 はY-modelの between 総半島中央部 で や や 大 き く な っ て い る.Fig-5(b)で 異,Fig,5(c)で (c) 3rd boundary (b) 2nd boundary なわ ち 盤 深 度 はS modelの 方 が 深 く表 現 さ れ て い る こ と を 意 味 す る. 3.関 東 平 野 に お け る 地 震 動 シ ミ ュ レ-シ シ ミ ュ レ ー シ ョ ン に は,Figs.2,3の Fig-4の る-こ よ う に 離 散 化 し た 地 下 構 造 モ デ ル を 使 用 して い の 離 散 化 は,Fig.1に 示 す 領 域 に 対 して,水 向 に0.4km間 隔 で 南 北554点 行 っ て い る.ま た,深 速 度 に 応 じ て,深 km,3.okmと 東 西502点 さ 方 向 に は,堆 格 子 間 隔 に し て い る が,基 平方 の格 子点 で 点 で2.0 格 子 間 隔 を 広 げ て[Moczo(1989)],74点 格 子 点 数 は,約20万 条 件 はTable2に 手 法 を 用 い て お り,時 精 度 で 差 分 化 し,シ にGraves(1996)に 問 方 向 に2次,空 よる 間 方 向 に4次 ミ ュ レ ー シ ョ ン を 実 行 し た.本 で 行 っ た 計 算 手 法 の 詳 細 に 関 し て は,山 や 山 中 山 田(2002b)を 対 象 と し た 周 期 帯 域 は,計 の 研究 田 山 中(2001) 参 照 さ れ た い.な お,本 解析 で 算 精 度 の 確 保 の た め に 周 期4 標 と して い る, 4.や や 深 発 地 震 の 地 震 動 シ ミュ レ-シ 4.1観 測記 録 に つ い て 浦 賀 水 道 付 近 の 地 震(EQ1)の ョン 震 源 に 関 す る情 報 の 一 部[気 象庁 地 震 予 知 情 報 課(1992)]をTable3に この 地 震 は,深 さ約92kmの で 発 生 したM/aaa5.9の 示す 太 平 洋 プ レ ー ト上 面 付 近 中 規 模 の や や 深 発 地 震 で あ る- こ の よ うな 中規 模 のや や深 発 地 震 は,震 源 過 程 が 比 較 的 単 純 で あ り,観 測 点 近 傍 まで 伝播 して くる地 震 波 は,震 秒 以 上 と し た. 本 解 析 で は,Fig.1の 星 印 の 位 置 を 震 央 と す る1992 年 の 浦 賀 水 道 付 近 の 地 震(EQI),1990年 震(EQ2)の2つ 地 震 の シ ミュ レー シ ョ ンを通 じて,関 東 平 野 の複 数 の地 れ らの諸 ま と め ら れ て い る. 計 算 手 法 な ど に つ い て は,主 上 あ り,ま た,EQ2 は,震 源 破 壊 の 不 均 質性 が あ ま り高 くな く,そ の 影響 も 下 構造 モ デ ル に よ る影 響 を抽 出 し,検 討 を行 う こ とを 目 で の部 分 を モ デ ル 化 格 子 点 で あ る.こ 主 な 観 測 点 まで 震 源距 離 が100km以 震 源 位 置 や 伝播 経 路 お よ び平 野 へ の 入射 波 動 場 の異 な る 盤 よ り 深 い 部 分 は 各 層 のS波 さ146-2kmま の 地 震 は,平 野 内 の 地 点 に観 測 記 録 が あ る程度 存 在 し, 比 較 的 小 さい で あ ろ う と判 断 され る地 震 で あ る.ま た, 積 層 内 を0.4kmの さ 約8-Okmと44.0km地 の 格 子 点 に よ り,深 し た.総 ョ ン概 要 地下構造図か ら 伊豆大島近海地 の 地 震 を 取 り 上 げ る こ と に した.こ れ ら 央 か ら深 さ と同 程 度 の 範 囲 ま で は,S波 の鉛直入射を仮 定 で き,比 較 的 単 純 な平 面 波 に近 い と考 え られ,地 盤 特 性 の評 価 と して,例 え ば,Sasatanietal.(1992)な どで

6 Table 3. Source model parameters of Uraga channel Earthquake (EQ1) for FD simulations. Yamanaka et al. (1992a)]. (a) (b) Fig. 6. East-west oriented ground velocities observed during EQ 1. Each trace is filtered in a period range from 4 to 20 sec. Star in this figure shows the epicenter. Fig. 7. Comparisons between the observed and synthetic ground velocities for two models for EQ 1 (1992 Uraga channel earthquake). The traces were bandpass-filtered in a period range from 4 to 20 s. Attached number to each trace indicates the maximum velocity in cm/s.

7 Fig. 8. Comparison of average of the maximum amplitude of synthetic three components for the two models with observed ones. Fig. 9. East-west oriented ground velocities observed during EQ2. Each trace in is filtered in a period range from 4 to 20 sec. Star in this figure shows the epicenter.

8 (a) (b) (c) Table 4. Source Model parameters of 1990 Izu- Oshima, Japan, Earthquake (EQ2) for FD Simulations. Fig. 10. Comparisons between the observed and synthetic ground velocities of two models for EQ2 (the 1990 Izu-Oshima earthquake). The traces were bandpass-filtered in a period range from 4 to 20 s. Attached number to the trace indicates the maximum velocity in cm/s.

9 YKH KWS TOK FTU CHB MTK Fig. 11. Pseudo-velocity response spectra with 5% damping for east-west oriented observed and synthetic motions for two models.

10 120 山 田伸 之 山 中浩 明 (a) S-arrival+(10-20s) S-arrival+(20-30s) S-arrival+(30-40s) S-arrival+(40-50s) S-arrival+(50-60s) S-arrival+(10-20s) S-arrival+(20-30s) S-arrival+(30-40s) S-arrival+(40-50s) S-arrival+(50-60s) S-arrival+(60-70s) S-arrival+(0-10s) (b) Fig. 12. Distribution of the ratio of synthetic envelope waveform difference between Y-model and S-model on the surface at time window of every 10sec after the S-wave arrival. Blue dot circle shows remarkable difference lumps (D; value). (a) show the results for EQ1. (b) show the results for EQ2. These pictures have a coastline (thin) and a boundary of basement and sedimentary area (thick) after Y-model.

11 121 関 東 平 野 に お け る地 下 構 造 モ デ ル の比 較 の た あ の中 規 模 地 震 の地 震 動 シ ミュ レー シ ョ ン (a) EQ1 Fig. 13. Distribution (c) difference (b) EQ2 of the synthetic envelope waveform difference between of models Y-model and S-model to Y-model one during 180s by EQ1 (a) and EQ2 (b) (Dt value). The envelope is normalized by the energy of synthetic motion for the Y-model. Blue thick and purple dot circles show remarkable area. Star show epicenter of EQ1 and EQ2. These pictures have a coastline (thin) and a boundary basement area and sedimentary one (thick) from Y-model. (c) Distribution of total difference of envelope of synthetic motions for S-model and Y-model shown by Fig. 5 of discrete digital data each layer boundary. The contour lines are Y-model in Fig. 2. また,房 総 半 島 中 部 付 近 か ら差 異 が 縮 小 して い るの は, Fig,13(a)のEQ1で その 地 域 の モ デル が 類 似 してお り,そ の 影 響 が 支 配 的 に も大 き くな って お り,各 地 点 直 下 の 構造 を 反 映 した もの な った こ とに よ る と考 え られ る. で あ る と考 え られ る.一 方,Fig.13(b)のEQ2で 伊 豆 大 島 近 海 地 震(EQ2)の 結 果 で あ るFig.12(b)で は,モ デ ル差 の大 き な地 域 で1)'値 は,モ デル 差 の 分 布 に 対 応 して お らず,モ デ ル 差 の大 きな地 域 は,前 半 部 分 の 震 央 付 近 で1) 値 が 大 き く際 立 って い る. に対 して 震 央 方 向 と180度 これ は,S波 到着 時 刻 付 近 に波 動 の エ ネル ギ ーが集 中 し くな る傾 向 に あ る.こ の こ とは,伝 播 経 路上 に 存在 す る 反 対 側 の地 域 でD'値 が大 き て お り,波 形 差 自 体 は小 さ いが 結 果 的 に 値 が 大 き くな っ モ デ ル差 の影 響 を 強 く受 け た こ との表 れ で あ り,モ デ ル て い る こ とに よ る もの で あ る.平 野 内 部 に お い て は,平 差 に よ って生 じた波 形 の 差 異(1)`値)の 野 西 端 部 か らや や 大 きなD,値 動 す るに つ れ て,そ れ が蓄 積 され て顕 著 に な った もの と が 出 現 し,時 間 と と も に 東 へ移 動 し,複 雑 化 して い る.特 に,東 京 湾北 部周 辺 部 大 き な部 分 が 移 考 え られ る. で は,低 速 度 層 の 存 在 に よ り波動 の通 過 に時 間 を要 して 以 上 の よ うに異 な った波 動 場 を考 慮 す る こ と で,計 算 い る こ とな ど か ら大 きな 値 が数 十 秒 間 に わ た り認 め られ 結 果 の違 い を示 す こ とが で き,地 下 構 造 モ デ ル の特 性 を て お り,Fig.loの 明 らか にす る ことが で き た.さ 波 形(TOKな ど)で も分 か る よ うに, 両 モ デ ル間 で波 形 差 が大 きい こ とを 示 して い る.ま た, EQIで もEQ2で も平 野 西 端 部 で 波 形 の 差 異 が 現 わ れ た こ とか ら,平 野 西 端 部 の モ デ ル化 に著 しい違 い が あ る こ らに,モ デ ル差 の影 響 の 現 わ れ方 が 地 震 に よ って 異 な って い る こ とか ら,モ デ ル の チ ュ ー ニ ング を行 う場 合,1つ の地 震 での 検 討 で は不 十 分 で あ る可 能 性 が あ る こ と を示 唆 して い る. と も示 唆 して い るFigs.13(a),(b)に いて,(2)式 全 時 間(180秒 間)の 包絡 波形 を 用 で 表 す両 モ デ ル の波 形 差 のY-modelの に対 す る比 率(P'値)の で は,Fig-5で 波形 分 布 図 を示 す.ま た,Fig.13(c) 示 した地 下 構 造 モ デ ル の堆 積 層 の各 層 境 界 深 度 差 の 絶 対 値 を 足 し合 わせ た もの(モ デ ル差)を 示 7.ま と め 本 研 究 で は,関 東 平 野 の200km四 鈴 木(1999)と 山 中 山 田(2002a)に 方 の 領域 に対 して よ る2つ の 地 下 構 造 図 を 参 照 に して,差 分 シ ミュ レー シ ョ ン用 に 格 子 モ デ ルを 作 成 して 地 震 動 シ ミュ レー シ ョンを 行 い,そ れ ぞ れ の 結 果 を比 較 した 観 測 記 録 と計 算 波 形 を 比 較 した場 す. (2) 合,や や 深 発 地 震 に っ い て はい ず れ の地 下 構造 モ デ ル に 関 して もあ る程 度観 測 波 形 を 再 現 す る こ とが で きた.一

12 Asano, S., K. Wada, T. Yoshii, M. Hayakawa, Y. Misawa, T. Morita, T. Kanazawa, H. Murakami, F. Suzuki, R. Kubota and K. Suyehiro, 1985, Crustal structure in the northern part of the Philippine Sea plate as derived from seismic observations of Hatoyama-off Izu peninsula explosions, J. Phys. Earth, 33, Ashiya, K., S. Asano, T. Yoshii, M. Ishida and T. Nishiki, 1987, Simultaneous determination of the three-dimensional crustal structure and hypocenters beneath the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan, Tectonophysics, 140, Fukuyama, E. and T. Mikumo, 1993, Dynamic rupture analysis: Inversion for the source process of the 1990 Izu-Oshima, Japan, Earthquake (M= 6.5), J. Geophys. Res., 98, Graves, R. W., 1996, Simulating seismic wave propagation in 3D elastic media using staggered-grid finite differences, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 86, Ishida, M., 1992, Geometry and relative motion of the Philippine Sea plate and Pacific plate beneath the Kanto-Tokai district, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., 97, Kaneda, Y., N. Nishida, Y. Sasaki, S. Asano, T. Yoshiki, Y. Ichinose and M. Saka, 1979, Explosion seismic observation of reflected waves from the mohorovicic discontinuity and crustal structure in western Kanto district, J. Phys. Earth, 27, Kinoshita, S., H. Fujiwara, T. Mikoshiba and T. Hoshino, 1992, Secondary Love waves observed by a strong-motion array in the Tokyo lowlands, Japan, J. Phys. Earth, 40, Moczo, P., 1989, Finite-difference technique for SHwaves in 2D media using irregular gridsapplication to the seismic response problem, Geophys. J. Int., 99, Nishizawa, A., T. Kanazawa, T. Iwasaki and H. Shimamura,1996, Crustal structure related to the Philippine Sea plate subduction in the northeastern part of Sagami Trough, Japan, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 93, Sasatani, T., M. Ikeda and N. Sakajima,1992, A study of site effects by means of strong-motion seismograms from near-by, intermediate-depth earthquake, J. Phys. Earth, 40, Sato, T., R. W. Graves and P. G. Somerville, 1999, Three-dimensional finite-difference simulation of long-period strong motions in the Tokyo Metropolitan area during the 1990 Odawara Earthquake (M; 5.1) and the Great 1923 Kanto Earthquake (MS 8.2) in Japan, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 89,

13 Satoh, T., H. Kawase, T. Sato and A. Pitarka, 2001, Threedimensional finite-difference waveform modeling of strong motions observed in the Sendai basin, Japan, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 91, Yamanaka, H., K. Seo and T. Samano, 1992a, Characteristics of seismic wave observed on a sedimenta- ry basin during a deep earthquake, Proceeding of Stidham, C., M. Antolik, D. Dreger, S. Larsen and B. Romanowicz, 1999, Three-dimensional structure influences on the strong-motion wavefleld of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 89, Wald, D. and R. Graves, 1998, The seismic response of the Los Angeles basin, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. the International Symposium in the Effects of Surface Geology on Seismic Motion, 1, Yamanaka, H., K. Seo and T. Samano, 1992b, Analysis and numerical modeling of surface-wave propagation in a sedimentary basin, J. Phys. Earth, 40, Am., 88,

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