Effects of gas concentrations on fruits I. Effects of oxygen concentrations on Jonathan apples Ichiro KAJIURA and Masatoshi IWATA Faculty of Agricultu
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1 Effects of gas concentrations on fruits I. Effects of oxygen concentrations on Jonathan apples Ichiro KAJIURA and Masatoshi IWATA Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo The factorial experiments were carried out and the Summary gas mixture system was made to clarify the effects of 02 concentrations on Jonathan apples and to determine the optimum gas conditions of CA storage. Jonathan apples were stored in atmospheres of nitrogen with 0, 1, 3, 5, 10 and 21% oxygen at 4 C and 20 C for 63 days and 30 days, respectively. Carbon dioxide was excluded in every treatment. 1. The yellowing of the skin ground color was retarded in all oxygen concentrations at 4 C and in low oxygen concentrations at both temperatures. The skin red color changed purplish to brownish red in 0, 1 and 3% 02 at both temperatures. 2. No distinct differences were found in firmness and titratable acidity in oxygen treatments at 4 C. However, on holding for 7 days in air at 20 C after removal from 63 days storage at 4 C, fruits from 0 and 1% 02 were firmer and those from 21% 02 were less acid. At 20 C, the fruits from 0, 1, 3 and 5% 02 were firmer and more acid. The soluble solid was reduced in 0, 5, 10 and 21% The high ethanol content of flesh tissues was found only in 0% 02 at both temperatures, and after one month storage, the fruits of 0% 02 at 20 C accumulated about twice as much as at 4 C. 4. The critical oxygen concentrations for CO2 evolution rate were 1 and 3% 02 at both temperatures. 5. The fermented flavor was found in fruits from 0% 02 at both temperatures and 1% 02 at 20 C. The best edible quality was found in fruits from 1% 02 at 4 C, and 3 and 5% 02 at 20 C. 6. In the 2 months storage of Jonathan apples at 4 C, the optimum oxygen concentration for CA storage is 5%, at which the ripening is retarded without low oxygen injuries. More studies must be followed about the longer storage and with carbon dioxide.
2 Fig. 1. The gas mixture system. A : Air pump. B : CO2 absorber (Soda lime). C : Barrow statt tower. D : Flow meter. E : Needle valve. F : Mixture bottle. G : Outlet. H : N2 cylinder. Fig. 2. Measuring system for CO2 I : Respiration chamber. J : Fruits. K +5 ppm BTB. M : Terminal flow meter. evolution rate of fruits. Water. L : 100ppm NaHCO3 N : Soap bubble flow meter. 73
3 Table 1. Effects of oxygen concentrations on the firmness of Jonathan apples. 74
4 Table 2. Effects of oxygen concentrations on the titratable (ml 0.1 N NaOH/100 ml f. j) acidity of Jonathan apples, Table 3. Effects of oxygen concentrations on the soluble solids of Jonathan apples.
5 Table 4. Effects of oxygen flesh tissues. (mg %) concentrations on the ethanol contents of Jonathan apple X Fig. 3. of 63 days Ethanol contents in flesh tissues Jonathan apples at 0% OZ. storage plus 7 days in air at 20 C. Fig. 4. CO2 evolution rate by Jonathan apples at 4 C. 76
6 Fig. 5. C02 evolution rate by Jonathan apples at 20 C. Fig. 6. Critical oxygen concentration 77 evolution rate in Jonathan apples. for the CO2
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8 ANDERSON, R. E Experimental storage of esterngrown `Delicious' apples in various controlled atmospheres. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 91 : BIALE, J. B The climacteric rise in respiration rate of the Fuerte avocado fruit. Ibid. 39 : Effect of oxygen concentration on respiration of the Fuerte avocado fruit. Amer. J. Bot. 33 : and R. E. YOUNG Critical oxygen concentrations for the respiration of lemons. Ibid. 34 : BLANPIED, G. D., R. M. SMOCK and L. C. FRANK Some factors influencing the ethanol content of harvested apple fruits. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 92: CALDWELL, J Studies in the respiration of apple at various pressures of oxygen. J. Exp. Bot. 7 : CLAYPOOL, L. L., and F. W. ALLEN Carbon dioxide production of deciduous fruits held at different oxygen levels during transit periods., Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 51 : and The influence of temperature and oxygen level on the respiration and ripening of Wickson plums. Hilgardia 21 : and R. M. KEEFER A colorimetric method for CO2 determination in respiration studies. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci CLIJSTERS, H Malic acid metabolism and initiation of the internal breakdown in `Jonathan' apples. Physiol. Plant. 18 : EAVES, C. A., F. R. FORSYTH, J. S. LEEFE and C.L.LOCKHART Effect of varying concentrations of oxygen with and without CO2 on senescent changes in stored McIntosh apples grown under two levels of nitrogen fertilization. Can. J. Plant Sci. 44: KIDD, F., and C. WEST Retardation of the ripening of pears by the exclusion of oxygen. Nature 123 : and The gas storage of fruit. II. Optimum temperatures and atmospheres. J. Porn. Hort. Sci. 8 : and Respiratory activity and duration of life of apples gathered at different stages of development and subsequently maintained at a constant temperature. Plant Physiol. 20 : LIEBERMAN, M., and R. E. HARDENBURG Effect of modified atmospheres on respiration and yellowing of broccoli at 75 degrees F. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 63 : PLATENIUS, H Effect of oxygen concentration on the respiration of some vegetables. Plant Physiol. 18 : PORRITT, S. W The effect of oxygen and low concentrations of carbon dioxide on the quality of apples stored in controlled atmosphere. Can. J. Plant Sci. 46 : SMOCK, R. M Some requirements of Mc Intosh apples in controlled atmosphere storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 50 : :Illl ~I1uf l~icv`~~~ k ~l 39: THOMAS, M The production of ethyl alcohol and acetaldehyde by apples occurring in the absence of oxygen and in certain mixtures of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Ann. App. Biol. 16 : VAN DOREN, A Physiological studies with McIntosh apples in modified atmosphere cold storage. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci
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Title 社 会 化 教 育 における 公 民 的 資 質 : 法 教 育 における 憲 法 的 価 値 原 理 ( fulltext ) Author(s) 中 平, 一 義 Citation 学 校 教 育 学 研 究 論 集 (21): 113-126 Issue Date 2010-03 URL http://hdl.handle.net/2309/107543 Publisher 東 京
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