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1 Powered by TCPDF ( Title Sub Title Author Publisher Publication year Jtitle Abstract Notes Genre URL J.R.R. トールキンの指輪物語と things Celtic J. R. R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings and things Celtic 辺見, 葉子 (Hemmi, Yoko) 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要刊行委員会 2007 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要. 英語英米文学 (The Hiyoshi review of English studies). No.50 ( ),p Departmental Bulletin Paper a_id=an

2 J. R. R. things Celtic English and Welsh a large work, if it can be called that, which contains, in the way of presentation that I find most natural, much of what I personally have received from the study of things Celtic. (p. 163, emphasis mine) things Celtic in the way of presentation that I find most natural 1963 Angles and Britons the names of persons and places in this story were mainly composed on patterns deliberately modeled on those of Welsh (closely similar but not identical) p. 197, n.33 69

3 70 Sindarin Quenya 3 Sindarin Quenya 4 Sindarin Quenya 5 the living language Sindarin British-Welsh Sindarin 6 English and Welsh British things Celtic British Celtic 7 Celtic British British OED British 8 1.a. Of or pertaining to the ancient Britons. Now chiefly in ethnological and archæological use.

4 J. R. R. things Celtic 71 b. Of or pertaining to the Celtic (Brythonic) language of the ancient Britons, later, =Welsh, occas. Cornish. Also as n. English and Welsh British 1-b Kenneth H. Jackson 1963 Jackson Jackson 1953 Language and History in Early Britain 9 Jackson British a general term for the Brittonic language from the time of the oldest Greek information about it (derived from Pytheas of Marseilles, c. 325 B.C.) down to the sub-roman period in the fifth century and on into the sixth Early British, during the Roman occupation and as far as the coming of the Saxons in the middle of the fifth century Late British, from that time until and including the earlier half of the sixth century 10 Jackson British ancient language 6 Neo-Brittonic tongues, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton mediaeval language 11 British British British OED

5 72 2. a. Of or belonging to Great Britain, or its inhabitants. In the earlier instances geographical term adopted from Latin; from the time of Henry VIII frequently used to include English and Scottish; in general use in this sense from the accession of James I, and in 17th c., often opposed to Irish; legally adopted at the Union in Now chiefly used in political or imperial connexion, as the British army, British colonies, British India, etc., British ambassador, consul, residents, etc.; also in scientific and commercial use, as British plants, British butterfl ies, British spirits. Briton Brit OED British 4. ellipt. as n. pl. British people, soldiers, etc British OED 1-a 1-b the misuse of British p. 182 British British British British British pp. 170~74 British Welsh brettas

6 J. R. R. things Celtic 73 brittisc bryttisc Wealas (Walas) wielisc (waelisc) Welsh p. 182 Welsh British British 1603 Englishry British p. 182 British Welsh is of this soil, this island, the senior language of the men of Britain; and Welsh is beautiful p. 189 Welsh is of this soil, this island, the senior language of the men of Britain British an archaic state British naturalized

7 74 British indigenous pp native language native language native language cradle-tongue, the first-learned native language p. 190 pp. 191~93 cradle-tongue

8 J. R. R. things Celtic 75 we are still British at heart. It is the native language to which in unexplored desire we would still go home. (p. 194, emphasis mine) British-Welsh native language British p. 197, n.33

9 76 in unexplored desire explore British- Welsh 13 Quenya Sindarin British-Welsh Sindarin 14 Appendix F Melkor Oromë Oromë the West-elves the Eldar Oromë

10 J. R. R. things Celtic 77 Quenya Quenya Quenya Oromë the East-elves 15 the Dark Elves 16 Oromë the Misty Mountains the Grey-elves 17 Thingol Greymantle Melian 18 Quenya Sindarin Sindarin Quenya Sindarin Sindarin Quenya Quenya Sindarin The Red Book

11 78 Common Speech the Westron Westron Edain the Adûnaic the Dark Elves the Dark Elves Appendix F the East-elves 19 Finrod Felagund Bëor 20 Edain Sindarin Melkor/Morgoth Elros Sindarin Quenya Adûnaic Adûnaic Common Speech /Westron Elendil Westron Westron Dark Elves

12 J. R. R. things Celtic 79 Sindarin Quenya The Hobbits are, of course, really meant to be a branch of the specifically human race (not Elves or Dwarves) hence the two kinds can dwell together (at as Bree), and are called just the Big Folk and Little Folk 21 Westron Wilderland the Anduin Valley the Éothéod Westron the Éothéod Edain Westron Adûnaic Westron Edain 22 the southern Stoors Stoors 1150 the Misty Mountains the Angle Dunland 23 The southern Stoors Dunland Dunland

13 80 the Dunlendings Dunlendish Dunlendings the White Mountains Adûnaic Dunland Stoors 1630 Stoors Marish Buckland Dunlendish Dunlendings Sauron the Misty Mountains the Barrow Downs Bree Bree Dunlendish The southern Stoors Bree Westron Dunlendish British-Welsh 24 Dunlendish Celtic British-Welsh 25 Brandyback Gorhendad Oldbuck Gorhendad 26 Appendix F Bree, Combe Coomb Archet, Chetwood Bree-land bree hill chet wood relics of British nomenclature Combe Welsh cwm narrow valley 27 bree, combe, chet British bre, cwm, coed 28 Jackson

14 J. R. R. things Celtic 81 British *brigā ð> Late British *bre a > Welsh, Cornish, and Breton bre 29 British *cumbo- > Primitive Welsh *cumb > Welsh cum; occurs in numerous place-names in coombe, and has become a common-noun in English. 30 British *caito-, later *cę to- > Primitive Welsh *cę d > Welsh coed 31 *Bre Worcestershire Bredon *bre British dūn hill Leicestershire Breedon on the Hill British hill Brewood Staffordshire *bre wudu wood 32 wudu wood Primitive Welsh *cę d Buckinghamshire Chetwode Archet Dorset Archet Anglo- Saxon Primitive Welsh *Argę d East Orchard British 33 British relics Westron Dunlenish relics Westron Common Speech English and Welsh native language British British

15 82 native language the Dark Elves Quenya Sindarin Westron Quenya Sindarin native language But though it [native language] may be buried, it is never wholly extinguished, and contact with other languages may stir it deeply p. 190 native language Sam Shelob Galadriel Eärendil 34 Gilthoniel A Elbereth! And then his tongue was loosed and his voice cried in a language which he did not know: A Elbereth Gilthoniel o menel palan-diriel, le nallon sí di nguruthos! A tiro nin, Fanuilos! 35 (emphasis mine) Sindarin Sam

16 J. R. R. things Celtic 83 Frodo Galadriel Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima! 36 Quenya native language 37 1 J. R. R. Tolkien, English and Welsh, in Angles and Britons: O Donell Lectures (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1963), pp Reprinted in Tolkien, The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays, ed. Christopher Tolkien (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1983), pp Humphrey Carpenter, J. R. R. Tolkien: A biography (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977), p Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. by Humphrey Carpenter (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1981), p Letters, p , pp Letters, p English and Welsh 1980 Celtic Celticism Cf., pp Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edn on CD-ROM, version Kenneth Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain: a chronological survey of the Brittonic Languages 1st to 12th c. A.D. (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1953). 10 Jackson, p Jackson, p Cf. Ross Smith, Fitting Sense to Sound: Linguistic Aesthetics and Phonosemantics in the Work of J. R. R. Tolkien in Douglas A. Anderson, Michael D. G. Drout and Verlyn Flieger eds., Tolkien Studies, vol.iii (Morgantown: West Virginia University Press, 2006), pp

17 84 13 Letters, p The Lhammas evolution J. R. R. Tolkien, The Lhammas in The Lost Road and Other Writings: Language and Legend before The Lord of the Rings, ed. by Christopher Tolkien (London: Unwin Hyman, 1987), pp The Lhammas Valar Valarin Valar Oromë J. R. R. Tolkien, The Silmarillion, ed. by Christopher Tolkien (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1977), p Appendix F, p East-elves Silvan Elves Silvan Elves the Misty Mountains Nandor Eldar (The Silmarillion, p. 309). 16 Moriquendi, Elves of the Darkness Avari Eldar Dark Elves east of the mountains (The Silmarillion, p. 141) Avari (ibid., p. 104.) 17 the Elves of the Light. Cf. The Silmarillion, p The Silmarillion, p Cf The Silmarillion, p Letters, p. 158,. 22 Tolkien, The Return of the King (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1955), Appendix F, p. 414; Ruth S. Noel, The Languages of Tolkien s Middle-earth (Boston: Houton Mifflin, 1974, 1980), pp ; pp The Return of the King, Appendix B, p Tolkien Jackson, op.cit 25 Appendix F, pp J. R. R. Tolkien, Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings, in Jared Lodbell ed., A Tolkien Compass (New York: Ballantine, 1975), p Jackson, p. 510.

18 J. R. R. things Celtic bre obsolete. Cf. H. Meurig Evans and W. O. Thomas, Y Geiriadur Mawr: The Complete Welsh-English English-Welsh Dictionary (Christopher Davies, 1989), p Jackson, p Jackson, p Jackson, p A Dictionary of British Place-Names, p Jackson, p Cf. Carpenter, pp The Two Towers, pp ; cf. David Salo, A Gateway to Sindarin: A Grammar of an Elvish Language from J. R. R. Tolkien s Lord of the Rings (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2004), p. 223; Noel, p The Two Towers, p The Notion Club Papers (in J. R. R. Tolkien, Saruron Defeated, ed. by Christopher Tolkien, London: Harper Collins, 1992, pp ) visitations of linguistic ghosts

19 Synopsis J. R. R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings and things Celtic Yoko Hemmi In English and Welsh, a lecture delivered in 1955 on the British- Welsh elements in English language, Tolkien touched on The Lord of the Rings as containing much of what he had personally received from the study of things Celtic. The term Celtic in this particular context denotes British, in its strictly linguistic sense, that is, the Celtic (Brythonic) language of the ancient Britons. Tolkien regarded British as an indigenous language of Britain and hence its descendant, Welsh, as of this soil, this island, the senior language of the men of Britain. Based on this view, he proposed a unique concept of British-Welsh as a native language of the people of Britain, including himself, an Englishman, and tried to explain the nature of pleasure Welsh stirred in him. He assumed that the readers might have derived the same pleasure from The Lord of the Rings when the Welsh traits were recognized in the names of places and persons of middleearth, which Tolkien constructed to resemble Welsh phonologically. Tolkien did not further elaborate on this issue in the lecture. However, his views on things Celtic seem to be at the foundation of the very structure of the linguistic world Tolkien created. The paper attempts to examine in detail how his argument on the relationship between British-Welsh and English is mirrored in the language landscape of middle-earth. The Sindarin Elvish, modeled on Welsh phonology, can be easily equated with British-Welsh in 86

20 J. R. R. Tolkien s The Lord of the Rings and things Celtic 87 that it constitutes the oldest language stratum of middle-earth. It is necessary to probe into the history of the languages of Men and Hobbits to reveal how Tolkien took pains to demonstrate that the Elvish, which was compared to British-Welsh in Britain, could be regarded as a native language of the peoples of middle-earth.

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Powered by TCPDF ( Title 明治以前日本水害史年表 Sub Title A chronological table of flood disasters before Meiji era in Japan Author 高木, 勇夫 (Takagi, Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) Title 明治以前日本水害史年表 Sub Title A chronological table of flood disasters before Meiji era in Japan Author 高木, 勇夫 (Takagi, Isao) Publisher 慶應義塾大学日吉紀要刊行委員会 Publication year 004

Powered by TCPDF ( Title Sub Title Author Publisher Publication year Jtitle Abstract Notes Genre URL J.R.R. トールキンの 指輪物語 と things Celtic

Powered by TCPDF ( Title Sub Title Author Publisher Publication year Jtitle Abstract Notes Genre URL J.R.R. トールキンの指輪物語と things Celtic