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1 PS Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Part 14: Grayscale Standard Display Function Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 N. 17th Street Rosslyn, Virginia USA Copyright 2000 by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association. All rights including translation into other languages, reserved under the Universal Copyright Convention, the Berne Convention or the Protection of Literacy and Artistic Works, and the International and Pan American Copyright Conventions.

2 PS Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Part 14: Grayscale Standard Display Function File name: 01_14pu.pdf , P14j0129.doc PS PS PS CP 200 PS PS PS ii

3 ... iii Barten iii

4 American College of Radiology National Electrical Manufacturers Association ISO/IEC Directives, 1989 Part 3: Drafting and Presentation of International Standards. 1

5 ISO/IEC Directives, 1989 Part 3: Drafting and Presentation of International Standards. Characteristic Curve Contrast Sensitivity Contrast Threshold Digital Driving Level Display Function 2

6 Display System Illuminance Just-Noticeable Difference JND Index Luminance cd/m 2 nit fl 1 = cd/m 2 Luminance Range P-Value Grayscale Standard Display Function Standardized Display System Standard Luminance Level Standard Target Threshold Modulation ACR ANSI CEN TC251 DICOM American College of Radiology American National Standards Institute Comite' Europeen de Normalisation - Technical Committee Medical Informatics Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine HL7 Health Level 7 3

7 IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ISO International Standards Organization JIRA Japan Industries Association of Radiological Systems NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association 4

8 5

9 Barten 6

10 cd/m Barten 1023 j L a + c Ln( j) + e ( Ln( j)) 2 + g ( Ln( j)) 3 + m ( Ln( j)) 4 log 10 L( j) = 1+ b Ln( j) + d ( Ln( j)) 2 + f ( Ln( j)) 3 + h ( Ln( j)) 4 + k ( Ln( j)) 5 Ln j Lj a = , b = E-2, c = E-2, d = E-1, e = E-1, f = E-2, g = E-2, h = E-3, k = E-4, m = E-3 L j j( L) = A + B Log ( L) + C ( Log ( L)) + D ( Log ( L)) + E ( Log ( L)) F ( Log ( L)) + G ( Log ( L)) + H ( Log ( L)) + I ( Log ( L)) Log A = B = C = D = E = F = G = H = I = L(j) j(l) Numerical Recipes in C (Cambridge University press, 1991) Van Vijngaarden-Dekker-Brent L(j) L L,j L j j L 7

11 cd/m 2 L D L = L + L0 10 a D L 0 L a D min D max Dmax Dmin Lmin = La + L0 10, Lmax = La + L0 10 j j min = j(l min ) j max = j(l max ) j j min 0 j max 2 N -1 j p j( p) = jmin + N ( jmax jmin ) 2 1 L L(j(p)) L(j(p)) 8

12 L( j( p)) La D( p) = Log10( ) L 0. L 0 = 2000 cd/m 2 L a = 10 cd/m 2 L D L = L0 10 D L 0 D min D max L min = L0 10 Dmax, L L D max = 0 10 min j j min = j(l min ) j max = j(l max ) j j min 0 j max 2 N -1 j p j( p) = jmin + N ( jmax jmin ) 2 1 L L(j(p)) L(j(p)) L( j( p)) D( p) = Log10( ) L 0. L 0 = 150 cd/m 2 1) Barten, P.G.J., Physical model for the Contrast Sensitivity of the human eye. Proc. SPIE 1666, (1992) 2) Barten, P.G.J., Spatio-temporal model for the Contrast Sensitivity of the human eye and its temporal aspects. Proc. SPIE (1993) 9

13 10

14 Barten [A1] Barten SMPTE Briggs [A2] [A3-A8] CIELab [A9] 11

15 Barten Barten Barten h d de Vries-Rose T = 0.1 N E X E Y E M opt (u) = e - π2. σ 2. u 2 σ = σ (C sph. d 3 ) 2 (A1) u c/deg C sph Gaussian σ 0 σ 12

16 S(u) = 1 k T 2 Φ 0 M opt (u) 1 + ηhi L (1-F(u)) 2 + Φ ext(u). 1 X X 2 + E u 2 N E I L = π/4 d 2 L troland [td] d mm L cd/m 2 de Groot and Gebhard (A2) d = tanh(0.4. Log 10 ( L)) (A3) (1 - F(u)) 2 = 1 - exp(-u 2 /u 2 0 ) u0 = 8 c/deg (A2) X 0 = Y 0 [deg] Φ ext k = 3.3η = 0.025h = photons/td sec deg 2 Φ 0 = sec deg 2 X E = 12 degn E = 15 cycles 0 90 deg 2 c/deg 45 deg N E = 7.5 cycles σ 0 = degc sph = deg/mm 3 [A1] (A2) 10-4 L 10 3 cd/m X 0 60 deg0.2 u 50 c/deg (A2) S(L) = q 1. M opt (L) q 2 d 2 L + q 3 (A4) q 1 = q 2 = q 3 = mm 8.7 mm8.7 mm 1 mm 0.92 S j L j peak-to-peak modulation L j+1 = L j. 1 + S j 1 - S j (A5) peak-to-peak Threshold Modulation just-noticeable Luminance difference 13

17 L m = F(D m ) L = G(j) (A6) (A7) D input D output D output = s. F -1 [G(j)] (A6) s j j 0 N JND DR D input I = I0 + N JND DR. D input (A7) [A1] P.G.J. Barten: Physical model for the Contrast Sensitivity of the human eye. Proc. SPIE 1666, (1992) and Spatio-temporal model for the Contrast Sensitivity of the human eye and its temporal aspects. Proc. SPIE (1993) [A2] S.J. Briggs: Digital test target for display evaluation. Proc. SPIE 253, (1980) [A3] S.J. Briggs: Photometric technique for deriving a "best gamma" for displays. Proc. SPIE 199, Paper 26 (1979) and Opt. Eng. 20, (1981) [A4] S.M. Pizer: Intensity mappings: linearization, image-based, user-controlled. Proc. SPIE 271, (1981) [A5] S.M. Pizer: Intensity mappings to linearize display devices. Comp. Graph. Image. Proc. 17, (1981) [A6] [A7] [A8] R.E. Johnston, J.B. Zimmerman, D.C. Rogers, and S.M. Pizer: Perceptual standardization. Proc. SPIE 536, (1985) R.C. Cromartie, R.E. Johnston, S.M. Pizer, D.C. Rogers: Standardization of electronic display devices based on human perception. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Technical Report , Dec B. M. Hemminger, R.E. Johnston, J.P. Rolland, K.E. Muller: Perceptual linearization of video display 14

18 monitors for medical image presentation. Proc. SPIE 2164, (1994) [A9] CIE

19 Barten JND L[cd/m 2 ] JND L[cd/m 2 ] JND L[cd/m 2 ] JND L[cd/m 2 ]

26 23

27 Li Lj dj 24

28 r = d j (L i+1 - L i )(L j+1 + L j ) / ((L i+1 + L i )(L j+1 - L j )) (C1) [C4] [C3] 25

29 [C1] [C2] [C3] [C4] Press, William H, et al., Numerical Recipes in C, Cambridge University Press, 1988, Section "General Linear Least Squares" Bevington, Phillip R., Data Reduction and Error Analysis for the Physical Sciences, McGraw-Hill, 1969, the chapter "Least-Squares Fit to a Polynomial". Kleinbaum DG, Kupper LL, Muller KE, Applied Regression Analysis and Other Multivariable Methods, Duxbury Press, 2nd Edition, pp 45-49, Hemminger, B., Muller, K., "Performance Metric for evaluating conformance of medical image displays with the ACR/NEMA display function standard", SPIE Medical Imaging 1997, editor Yongmin Kim, vol ,

30 SMPTE 27

31 28

32 D m L = F(D m ) 0.3 cd/m 2 29

33 DDL DDL DDL DDL

35 JND min = JND max = D output, 1024 LI,m. JND min JND max JND = [JND max - JND min ]/1023 = [ ]/ L I,STD L I,STD L J,m I,J D input D output Input Output Input Output Input Output Input Output

37 L J,m L I,STD 34

38 35

39 Density Step 0 Density Step 1 Density Step 2 Density Step 3 Density Step 4 Density Step 5 Density Step 6 Density Step 7 Density Step 8 Density Step 9 Density Step 10 Density Step 11 Density Step 12 Density Step 13 Density Step 14 Density Step 15 Density Step 16 Density Step 17 Density Step 18 Density Step 19 Density Step 20 Density Step 21 Density Step 22 Density Step 23 Density Step 24 Density Step 25 Density Step 26 Density Step 27 Density Step 28 Density Step 29 Density Step 30 Density Step 31 i DDL i = (2N-1) i n-1 (D.2-1) DDL i OD i 36

40 L cd/m 2 L a 10 cd/m 2 D min 0.20 D max j L min = L a + L o 10 -Dmax = 12.0 cd/m 2 (D.2-2) L max = L a + L o 10 -Dmin = cd/m 2 (D.2-3) j min j max j min = j max = (D.2-4) (D.2-5) j = 0 j min L min = 2 N -1 N j max L max j (PV) = j min + (j max -j min ) PV (D.2-6) N 2-1 L(j(P-Value)) L 0 L a L(j(P-Value)) OD(DI) = -log 10 (L(j (DI)) - L a ) L o (D.2-7) 37

41 P-Value Optical Density (OD) P-Value Optical Density (OD) P-Value Optical Density (OD) P-Value Optical Density (OD) 38

43 0.2 D min 3.0 D max 0, 8, 16, 25, 33, 41, 49, 58, 66, 74, 82, 90, 99, 107, 115, 123, 132, 140, 148, 156, 165, 173, 181, 189, 197, 206, 214,222, 230, 239, 247, 255 L(j) j(l) L(j) j L L j 40

44 cd/m 2 4, 8, 12,..., 248, 252,

45 150 cd/m 2 L I,m DJND = [JND max - JND min ]/255 L I,STD JND min JND max L I,STD L J,m I,J D input D output 42

46 P-Value DDL P-Value DDL P-Value DDL P-Value DDL

48 L J,m L I,STD 45

49 46

50 Poynton [E1] [E2, 3] [E4] 2 8 =

51 [E1] [E2] [E3] [E4] Poynton, C. "Frequently Asked Questions about Gamma", Internet ftp://ftp.inforamp.net/pub/users/poynton/doc/colour/gammafaq.pdf Roehrig, H., Blume, H., Ji, T. and Browne, M.; "Performance Tests and Quality Control of Cathode Ray Tube Displays"; J. Digital Imaging, Vol. 3, No. 3, August 1990; pp Gray, J.; "Use of the SMPTE Test Pattern in Picture Archiving and Communication Systems"; J. Digital Imaging, Vol. 5, No. 1, February 1992; pp Hemminger, B., Muller, K., "Performance Metric for evaluating conformance of medical image displays with the ACR/NEMA display function standard", SPIE Medical Imaging 1997, editor Yongmin Kim, vol ,

PS

PS 3.7-2001 PS 3.7-2001 Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Part 7: Message Exchange Published by National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 N. 17th Street Rosslyn, Virginia