included in the Yahweh religion. And the cult was probably symbolized with a wooden object. Though the cult of Asherah was officially excluded later,

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1 Asherah KEY WORDS Asherah, goddess, tree ˇašērāh Khirbet el-qom Kuntillet Aǧrud SUMMARY In the Old Testament Asherah ( ˇašērāh) is considered to be a wooden object or goddess. In recent years the inscriptions which can be read as "JHWH and his Asherah" were found at Khirbet el-qom and Kuntillet Ajrud. This paper examines the cult of Asherah in the ancient Israel. In the early times there seems to have been a cult of the goddess Asherah and it was

2 included in the Yahweh religion. And the cult was probably symbolized with a wooden object. Though the cult of Asherah was officially excluded later, it may have been absorbed into the Yahweh religion in practice. ˇašērāh ˇašērāh ˇašērāh ˇašērôṯ ˇašērîm ˇašērāh

3 ˇašērôṯ ăšērîm ˇašērāh mizbē a h mas s ēbāh pesel ˇašērāh LXX ˇašērāh aštōreṯ ˇašērāh 11 KJV ˇašērāh grove 12 Athirat Athirat ˇašērāh Athirat

4 * il- R. Rendtorff Rendtorff J. Day Day Athirat ˇašērāh Ašratu(m) Ašertu Athirat Qdš Qdš ṯr Day ṯr aširtuešertuašruašratu šrt aṯr Ašratum ˇašērāh Amurru Elkunirsa Ašertu ˇašērāh

5 Athirat rh my CTA rh my reh em rah am Day rh my H. Lutzky -ay -ay rah am šāḏaim Lutzky -ay šaday šaday Khirbet el-qom Kuntillet Aǧrud Khirbet el-qom km Kuntillet Aǧrud km Khirbet el- Qom Kuntillet Aǧrud brkt(y) lyhwh wl šrth šrth šrt brk brk l bārūk l e jhwh

6 J. M. Hadley Kuntillet Aǧrud šmrn lyhwh šmrn wl šrth šmrn Z. Meshel J.A.Emerton Kuntillet Aǧrud lyhwh t(y)mn wl šrth Emerton Kuntillet Aǧrud Meshel Kuntillet Aǧrud Kuntillet Aǧrud Kuntillet Aǧrud Polyjahwismus Emerton Khirbet el-qom Kuntillet Aǧrud

7 Hadley ˇašērāh ˇašērōt Hadley W. Dietrich Khirbet el-qom Kuntillet Aǧrud Dietrich Kuntillet Aǧrud Taanach Lachish Hadley O. Keel ēs ēs M. S. Smith

8 theophoric names ēlāh Kuntillet Aǧrud šrt * il- ēlāh ēlāh M. -T. Wacker ēlāh Homonymie f. M. S. Smith h okmāh h okmāh ašrê Khirbet el-qom Kuntillet Aǧrud gender ˇašērāh

9 M. L. Frettlöh Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia Theologische Realenzyclopädie: Abkürzungsverzeichnis, Berlin GK Gesenius, W. / Kautzsch, E.(ed.), Hebräische Grammatik, Hildesheim (Leibzig ) ˇašērāyw ˇašêrêḵem ˇašêrêḵā ThWAT, Bd.I, S. ba alîm ha pesel mizbē a h

10 : : Day, J., Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan ; JSOT Supplement Series, Sheffield, p.f. Mishnah LXX Vg KJV ThWAT, Bd.I, S., Hadley, J. M., The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah, Cambridge, p.f. cf. ThWAT, Bd.I, S.ff., Rendtorff, R., El, Ba al und Jahwe: Erwägungen zum Verhältnis von kanaanäischer und israelitischer Religion, ZAW (), S.-, bes. S.. M. S. Smith cf. Smith, M. S., The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, New York, p. Day, J., Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein?; OBO, Göttingen, S. -, bes.s.ff., R. Rendtorff, R.,, S.. Rendtorff Hadley, J. M., Yahweh and His Asherah : Archeological and Textual Evidence for the Cult of the Goddess in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein?; OBO, Göttingen, S.. KTU cf. Day, J.,, S. ThWAT, Bd.I, S.ff. Binger, T., Asherah. Goddesses in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament ; JSOT Supplement Series, Sheffield, p.f., Keel, O./ Uehlinger, C., Göttinnen, Götter und Gottessymbole, Freiburg, S.f., n.. Qdš Ra Qdš ThWAT, Bd.I, S.f., Binger, T.,, pp.ff., Day, J., Asherah in the hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature, JBL (), p., Qdš qdšbinger qāḏēš Binger, T.,, p. ThWAT, Bd.I, S.

11 Day, J.,, p. Binger, T.,, p.b l waṯrt CTA Day, J.,, p., Binger, T.,, pp.ff. T. Biger Day, J.,, p.. rh my rh my Anat Day Lutzky, H., Shadday as a Goddess Epithet, VT (), S.. Lutzky ThWAT, Bd.VII, S.ff. šaday šadû šd šadû šēdu šdj Lutzky, H.,, S.ff. Deir Alla El š šaday Lutzky šaday Hadley, J. M.,, p., Emerton, J. A., ""Yahweh and his Asherah": The Goddess or her Symbol?", VT(), S.f. šrth šrt h ThWAT, Bd.I, S.f. Qalptpassiv bārūk-formula brk : : :: :: : : Smith, M. S., "Yahweh and Other Deities in Ancient Israel : Observations on Old Problems and Recent Trends " in : Dietrich,W./Klopfenstein, M.A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO, Göttingen, S.f., Hadley, J.M.,, S. Meshel, Z., "Two Aspects in the Excavation of Kuntillet Aǧrud " in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein?; OBO, Göttingen, S.-, bes. S.ff., Dietrich, W.," Über Werden und Wesen des biblischen Monotheismus. Religionsgeschichtliche und theologische Perspektiven" in : Dietrich, W./Klopfenstein, M.A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO Göttingen, S.-, bes. S.f., Emerton, J. A., "New Light on Israelite Religion: The Implications of the Inscriptions from Kuntillet Ajrud ", ZAW (), S.

12 Emerton, J. A.,, S.f., Meshel, Z.,, S.f. Meshel, Z.,, S.ff. Smith, M. S.,, S. Emerton, J. A.,, S. Hadley, J. M.,, S.f. Dietrich, W.,,S. Hadley, J. M.,, S.f. Hadley, J. M.,, S. Hadley, J. M.,, p.. Elat Athirat Elat El El Elat Elat El Athirat CTA Elat Athirat Hadley, J. M.,, pp.ff., Hadley, J. M.,, S.f., Day, J.,, S. Emerton, J. A.,, S.f. Emerton Hadley, J. M.,, S.f. cf. Hadley, J. M.,, p. Keel, O., Goddesses and Trees, New Moon and Yahweh ; JSOT Supplement Series, Sheffield, p. ThWAT, Bd.VI, S.ff. Keel, O.,, p. Smith, M. S.,, p.,. absolute/ -t//-â/ /-t/ m e leḵeṯ b e rîṯ cf. GK f,g,h. /-(â)t/h h-locale GK D. Michel /-(â)t/ nomina unitascf. Michel, D., Grundlegung einer hebräischen Syntax. Teil1. Sprachwissenschaftliche Methodik, Genus und Numerus des Nomens, Neukirchen-Vluyn, S.ff.

13 Smith, M. S.,, S. Wacker, M. -T., "Spuren der Göttin im Hoseabuch" in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M.A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO, Göttingen, S.-, bes. S.f. PräexistenzC. Kayatz, sophia S. Schroer cf. Klopfenstein, M. A., "Auferstehung der Göttin in der spätisraelitischen Weisheit von Prov -?" in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO, Göttingen, S.-, Schroer, S.,"Die personifizierte Sophia im Buch der Weisheit" in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO, Göttingen, S.- Smith, M. S.,, S. cf. Day, J., "Foreign Semitic Influence on the Wisdom of Israel and its appropriation in the book of Proverbs" in: Day, J., et al. (ed.), Wisdom in Ancient Israel, Cambridge, pp.ff., ThWAT, Bd.II, S. Frettlöh, M. L., "Brauchen oder gebrauchen wir die Göttin? Diskussionsanregung aus feministisch-theologischer Perspective" in: Dietrich, W./ Klopfenstein, M. A.(hrsg.), Ein Gott allein? ; OBO, Göttingen, S.-.

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