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1 Gengo Kenkyu * ½ 1 2. *

2 228 1 siné 6 iwán 20 hót 2 tu 7 árwan 3 re 8 tupésan 4 íne 9 sinépesan 5 asíkne 10 wán tu 2 re 3 procliticsetá tu séta 2 tu séta íne tupésan 8 sinépesan 9 tu 2 siné 1 hót 20 tu séta 2 hót ne setá 20 hót né 1964: Proto-Ainu 1 siné siné seta /1993: shi mompet si shi ne né hót ne setá /1974: 57 shi si 1 si-annoski si-apekes si-pase si-kiru kirusi 2003 si si-(kiru)

setá 20 hót né 1964: 260 267 Proto-Ainu 1 siné siné seta 1 1935/1993: 103 104 shi mompet si shi

3 1 229 self tupesan sinepesan siné siné siné siné 1935/1993: 104 Proto- Ainu Pre-Ainu Pre-Ainu Pre-Ainu ár 1996: 20 ar- Dettmer 1989: Ainu-Grammatik ar- -suy arsuy kewtumu arkewtumu arkewtumu wen arkewtumu pirka

1 3. 1 ár 1996: 20 ar- Dettmer 1989: 791 794 Ainu-Grammatik

4 230 ár 1 2 ár-ukuran tu úkuran re úkuran ar inau-kike ar inau-kike / a-rekuchi-kote 1977: ar pakesh Epontureshi / oripak-an koroka / ouse ar pakesh / akore rusui. 1959: at-tam Shirarbetunkur / chiattamnere / aekarkar 1965: : ? sine tuki ar-tuki sine emus ar-emus tuki emus ár-suy siné 6 arasuianita 1923: 172 ar-suy an i ta 7 shineanita 1923: 92 sine an i ta ár-suy *siné suy 1979: 91 Tamura 2000:

1959: 104 5 at-tam Shirarbetunkur / chiattamnere / aekarkar 1965: 196 1995: 42 5 1848?

5 : 20 1 ár ár siné 1 ár-suy ár 1 4. ár ár ár 1956/ 1984: 7 8 ár 8 an-nan an-rur rur at-tek at-chake ár-un-kotan 9 ar-moisam armoisam ta / payean yakne 1963: at-tap attap kashi / shikush rayochi / attap kashi / ekai rayochi / chieomare 1961: ás-sik Né áy ani pón yupi sikíhi tukán. Ássiki isám ár

ar-moisam armoisam ta / payean yakne 1963: 41 10 at-tap attap kashi / shikush

6 ár-enko aremko(ho) 1996: 21 Árenko kuóyra, árenko kuésikarun. enko énko kehe émko 1964: 223, 267 ár-enko 1 13 ar-suy ás-suy 1964: 265 tu súy re súy ár 1 sine an i ta ar-suy an i ta suy suy 14 ár-suy 14 Shineanto ta / sui hotke-an wa / an-an awa, 1959: 332 tu súy re súy ár-suy ár 1 suy suy suyé/súypa suy ár 15 at-tem Attem, n. Half the distance one can attain by stretching the arms out. Batchelor 1938: : 129

ar-suy an i ta suy suy 14 ár-suy 14 Shineanto ta / sui hotke-an wa / an-an awa, 1959: 332 tu súy re súy

7 sine tem tu tem re tem 2003: 400 tem temnikor ár ár 1 ár : At-tem pakno / tu-tem pakno / arpa-an ko 1931: 795 siné tem, tu tém, re tém, át-tem, tu tém, re tém, át-tem ár 1 ár siné ár 1 siné 1 ár 1 1 ár siné siné

8 ár ár ár siné 17 ar hekachi ar teinep ar hekachi / ar teinep / korachi ankuru 1959: ar herepash ar herepash / atui tomotuye / paye-an aine 1977: ar shinen Tane anakne Okikirmui ar shinen newa tush ani. : 44 shinen shine =síne ár eár oár ár eár oár ár e- eár 1 1 eár 20 ear ay ear ay ari / sine ikin ne / upokor humpe / ci sirkocotca 2003: 177. sine ikin ne 21 ear kik ear kik ne / araike ruwe ne 1931: 578

herepash / atui tomotuye / paye-an aine 1977: 454 19 ar shinen Tane anakne Okikirmui ar shinen newa tush ani.

9 ear kabarbe ami kosonte / ayaikoante / ear kabarbe / ayaikonoye. 1966: 306. Batchelor ikin ikir 1 eár 23 ear-ikin-ne adv. Thoroughly. Well. Entirely. Quite. Batchelor 1938: ekoikian a yakka / earikinne / eepokpaan wa / ikiani ka / somone ruwene 1966: 340 ear-ikin-ne sine ikin ne 20 ár o- oár oár 1 25 oar arkehe oar arkehe / oterke ko / oar arkehe / hotari 2003: 152 árkehe ár oár árkehe 26 oat cikiri oat cikiri / otuimaasi / oat cikiri / ohankeasi

Batchelor 1938: 100 24 ekoikian a yakka / earikinne / eepokpaan wa / ikiani ka / somone ruwene 1966: 340 ear-ikin-ne

10 : oar teinep eani oar teinep ene / pon yarpepo ane wa 1964: oar apa-eaikap Newa tapne / pon awen-yupi / huraha at / apkor humash ko / oar apa-eaikap / ruwe-an. 1963: 220 eár oár ár siné 1 ár eár oár siné eár oár eár 1 1 ár Brugmann 1904: *oi-no-s *sem- Zu dem abstrakten Begriff eins kam man von verschiedenen sinnlichen Vorstellungen aus.

ruwe-an. 1963: 220 eár oár ár siné 1 ár eár oár siné eár oár eár 1 1 ár 7.

11 1 237 *oi-no-s beide alle drei gerade der nur der Ausdruck *sem- zusammen Brugmann 1904: : *sem- 1 *ei(no)- *oi- *ei- *sem- same *ei(no)- one an *sem- *ei(no)- sammeln ûn-icus 1978: *sem- *ei(no) : 192 a priori Russell 1919/2002: 16 17

12 238 The act of counting consists in establishing a one-one correlation between the set of objects counted and the natural numbers (excluding 0) that are used up in the process Russell 1919/2002: 2 3 To the average educated person of the present day, the obvious startingpoint of mathematics would be the series of whole numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Probably only a person with some mathematical knowledge would think of beginning with 0 instead of with 1, but we will presume this degree of knowledge; we will take as our starting point the series: 0, 1, 2, 3, n, n+1, and it is this series that we shall mean when we speak of the series of natural numbers It is only at a high stage of civilisation that we could take this series as our starting-point. It must have required many ages to discover that a brace of pheasants and a couple of days were both instances of the number 2: the degree of abstraction involved is far from easy. And the discovery that 1 is a number must have been difficult. As for 0, it is a very recent addition; the Greeks and Romans had no such digit

Probably only a person with some mathematical knowledge would think of beginning with 0 instead of with 1, but we will presume this degree of knowledge; we will take as our starting point the series:

13 Macrobius Jung 1953: The number one claims an exceptional position, which we meet again in the natural philosophy of the Middle Ages. According to this, one is not a number at all; the first number is two. Two is the first number because, with it, separation and multiplication begin, which alone make counting possible. 1977: ár 1 ár 1 1 2

According to this, one is not a number at all; the first number is two.

14 240 1 ár 1 siné 1 1 ár Pre-Ainu implicational universal Batchelor, J. (1938) An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami. Brugmann, Karl (1904) Kurze Vergleichende Grammatik der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner. 1936/ /1984 CM91 Dettmer, H. A. (1989) Ainu-Grammatik Teil I: Texte und Hinweise. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. 1964

Brugmann, Karl (1904) Kurze Vergleichende Grammatik der Indogermanischen Sprachen.

15 Jung, C. G. (1953) A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity. Collected Works of C.G. Jung. 11. Pantheon Books. Translated from Versuch zu einer psychologischen Deutung des Trinitätsdogmas. Symbolik des Geistes. Zurich: Rascher I 1961 II 1963 III 1964 IV 1965 V 1966 VI / Russell, Bertrand (1919/2002) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. New York: Routledge Tamura, Suzuko (2000) The Ainu language. Tokyo: Sanseido.

16 242 A Numeral Denoting One in Ainu Hideo KIRIKAE (Hokkai Gakuen University) This paper attempts to show that in Ainu the number one can be referred to by the proclitic ár which means one of a pair (as-siki arsiki his eye ) or half (ar-kewtemu half of his heart ), and also functions as an intensifier (ar teynep a true baby ). Although ár is qualified to be a numeral semantically, it has not been treated as such in traditional descriptions. It is arguable that in general a numeral denoting one can be derived from the concept of a half of two and that a typical case of illustrating this process is observed in Ainu

true baby ). Although ár is qualified to be a numeral semantically, it has not been treated as such in traditional descriptions.

Ore, Oystein 1976:

1 2011 6 4 129 2006 3 pp.227-242 1 2 16 1 2004 6 27 2005 7 140 2010 6 20 1974 metrical line (1897-1990) (1906-2006) 2008 2 13 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Ore, Oystein 1976: 18-19 1 1 0 0 1 2 50 wán-pe e-ré hot