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2 Ore, Oystein 1976:

3 50 wán-pe e-ré hot siné 6 iwán 20 hót 2 tu 7 árwan 3 re 8 tupésan 4 íne 9 sinépesan 5 asíkne 10 wán tu 2 re 3 ( proclitic) *1 ( setá tu séta 2 tu séta ) tu... re... (1) tu ai uturu / re ai uturu / eshikiru *1 3

4 1959: 242 íne ( ) tupésan 8 sinépesan 9 tu 2 siné 1 hót 20 (tu séta 2 hót ne setá 20 hót né ) 1964: Proto-Ainu 1 siné siné seta (1935/1993: ) shi mompet si shi ne né hót ne setá 20 (1936/1974: 57) shi si (2) si-annoski si-apekes si-pase si-kiru kiru si (2003) siné siné ( siné ) (1935/1993: 104) si 4

5 si-(kiru) (self) si si-annoski si-apekesh si-pase si-kiru siné si ne si-ne 1 siné sine utar sine itak sine rorumpe siné (3) shine rorumpe/tumunchi ukoeramno / shine rorumpe /shine tumunchi /aueutanne / ki a korka 1931: 670. (4) shine hosari inne hekattar / shine hosari /uko-eyukar / i-nukar rokpe 1977: 249 shine hosari uko-e-yukar 1 tupesan 8 (10 2) sinepesan 9 (10 1) siné siné 5

6 Proto-Ainu Pre-Ainu Pre-Ainu tu 2 re 3 proclitic Pre-Ainu Pre-Ainu ár (1996: 20) ar- Dettmer(1989: ) Ainu-Grammatik ar-... /... -suy = arsuy kewtumu arkewtumu / arkewtumu wen arkewtumu pirka 6

7 oar, ear ár 1 (5) ár-ukuran tu úkuran re úkuran (6) ar inau-kike ar inau-kike / a-rekuchi-kote 1977: 129 (7) ar pakesh Epontureshi / oripak-an koroka / ouse ar pakesh / akore rusui. 1959: 104 (8) at-tam Shirarbetunkur / chiattamnere / aekarkar 1965: 196 (1995: 42) ? sine tuki ar-tuki sine emus ar-emus tuki emus ár-suy siné (9) arasuianita 1923: 172 ar-suy an i ta 7

8 (10) shineanita 1923: 92 sine an i ta ár-suy siné suy 1979: 91 Tamura 2000: : 20 1 ár ár siné 1 ár-suy ár 1 4 ár ár /... ár (1956/1984: 7) ár R (11) an-nan an-rur rur at-tek at-chake ár-un-kotan 8

9 (12) ar-moisam armoisam ta / payean yakne 1963: 41 (13) at-tap attap kashi / shikush rayochi / attap kashi / ekai rayochi / chieomare 1961: (14) ás-sik Né áy ani pón yupi sikíhi tukán. Ássiki isám ár (15) ár-enko ( aremko(ho) 1996: 21 Árenko kuóyra, árenko kuésikarun. enko énko(kehe) émko 1964: 223, 267 ár-enko 1 (16) ar-suy ás-suy 1964: 265 tu súy re súy ár 1 sine an i ta ar-suy an i ta 9

10 suy suy (17) ár-suy (17) Shineanto ta / sui hotke-an wa / an-an awa, 1959: 332 tu súy re súy ár-suy ár 1 suy = suy suyé/súypa suy ár (18) at-tem (sine tem tem Attem, n. Half the distance one can attain by stretching the arms out. Batchelor 1938: : tem-nikor = tu tem re tem 2003: 400 ár ár 1 ár 1 (1992: 271) 10

11 (19) At-tem pakno / tu-tem pakno / arpa-an ko 1931: 795 siné tem, tu tém, re tém,... át-tem, tu tém, re tém,... át-tem ár 1 ár siné ár 1 siné 1 ár 1 1 ár siné *2 siné *2 ár-ukuran 11

12 5 ár ár ár siné siné (20) ar hekachi ar teinep ar hekachi / ar teinep / korachi ankuru 1959: 198 (21) ar herepash ar herepash / atui tomotuye / paye-an aine 1977: 454 (22) ar shinen Tane anakne Okikirmui ar shinen newa tush ani. : 44. shinen shine (= siné 1 ) 1 6 ár eár oár ár eár oár ár e- eár 1 eár 12

13 (23) ear ay ear ay ari / sine ikin ne / upokor humpe / ci sirkocotca 2003: 177. sine ikin ne (24) ear kik ear kik ne / araike ruwe ne 1931: 578 (25) ear kabarbe ami kosonte / ayaikoante / ear kabarbe / ayaikonoye. 1966: 306. ear-ikin-ne Batchelor ikin ikir 1 eár (26) ear-ikin-ne adv. Thoroughly. Well. Entirely. Quite. (Batchelor 1938: 100) (27) ekoikian a yakka / earikinne /eepokpaan wa / ikiani ka / somone ruwene. 1966: 340 ear-ikin-ne sine ikin ne (23) ár o- oár 13

14 oár 1 (28) oar arkehe oar arkehe / oterke ko / oar arkehe / hotari 2003: 152 árkehe ár oár árkehe (29) oat cikiri oat cikiri / otuimaasi / oat cikiri / ohankeasi 2003: 64 (30) oar teinep eani oar teinep ene / pon yarpepo ane wa 1964: 83 (31) oar apa-eaikap Newa tapne / pon awenyupi / huraha at / apkor humash ko / oar apa-eaikap / ruwe-an. 1963: 220 eár oár ár siné 14

15 1 ár eár oár siné eár oár eár 1 1 ár Brugmann(1940: 363) 1 oi-no-s sem- Zu dem abstrakten Begri `eins' kam man von verschiedenen sinnlichen Vorstellungen aus. oi-no-s beide alle drei gerade der nur der (Ausdruck) sem- zusammen (Brugmann 1940: ) (1978: ) sem- 15

16 1 ei(no)- oi- ei- sem- same ei(no)- one an sem- ei(no)- sammeln un-icus 1978: sem- ei(no)- <2> <1> * : 192 a priori (Russell 2002: 16-17) The act of counting consists in establishing a one-one correlation between the set of objects counted and the natural numbers (exc- *3 proto-language sem- ei(no)- 16

17 luding 0) that are used up in the process (Russell 2002: 2-3) To the average educated person of the present day, the obvious starting-point of mathematics would be the series of whole numbers, 1, 2, 3, 4,... etc. Probably only a person with some mathematical knowledge would think of beginning with 0 instead of with 1, but we will presume this degree of knowledge; we will take as our starting point the series: 0, 1, 2, 3,... n, n + 1,... and it is this series that we shall mean when we speak of the series of natural numbers. It is only at a high stage of civilisation that we could take this series as our starting-point. It must have required many ages to discover that a brace of pheasants and a couple of days were both instances of the number 2: the degree of abstraction involved is 17

18 far from easy. And the discovery that 1 is a number must have been dicult. As for 0, it is a very recent addition; the Greeks and Romans had no such digit. 1, 2, 3, 4,... etc , 1, 2, 3,... n, n + 1,

19 Macrobius (Jung 1953: 118) 1 2 The number one claims an exceptional position, one is not a number at all; the rst number is two. Two is the rst number because, with it, separation and multiplication begin, which alone make counting possible. (Jung 1953: 118) (1977: 101) 1 2 ár 1 ár 19

20 ár siné siné 1 1 ár ár 1 Pre-Ainu Pre-Ainu implicational universal

21 Batchelor (1938) An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami. Brugmann, Karl (1904) Kurze Vergleichende Grammatik der Indogermanischen Sprachen. Strassburg: Verlag von Karl J. Trübner. (1936/1974) (1956/1984) CM91 Dettmer (1989) Ainu-Grammatik Teil I: Texte und Hinweise (1964) (1978) Jung, C.G. (1953) A Psychological Approach to the Dogma of the Trinity. Collected Works of C.G. Jung. 11. Pantheon Books. Translated from Versuch zu einer psychologischen Deutung des Trinitätsdogmas. Symbolik des Geistes. Zurich: Rascher (1977) (1959) I (1961) II (1963) III (1964) IV (1965) V (1966) VI (2003) (1923) (1931) 21

22 (1935/1993) (1977) (1992) (1979) Ore, Oystein (1948/1976) Number theory and its history New York: Dover Publications. Russell, Bertrand (1919/2002) Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy. New York: Routledge. (1995) 8 (1941) 3 (1996) Tamura, Suzuko (2000) The Ainu language. Tokyo: Sanseido. 22

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