40 18 Piore et Sable 1984 Krugman 1991 Saxenian 1998 Marshall Saxenian 128 Porter 1998 Porter Porter Social Overhead Capital 2 Social Capital Putnam 2

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1 39 PC IT Marshall 1920 Marshall Mystery 1 Lee C.M 2000 p.6.

2 40 18 Piore et Sable 1984 Krugman 1991 Saxenian 1998 Marshall Saxenian 128 Porter 1998 Porter Porter Social Overhead Capital 2 Social Capital Putnam 2000 Hanifan Adam Smith 1950 Marshall Hirshman A.O Social Overhead Capital

2 Social Capital Putnam 2000 Hanifan 1916 2003 Adam Smith 1950

3 41 Coleman 1988 Coleman Coleman Coleman Putnum Putnum, 1993 Bourdieu et Passeron Bourdieu Bourdieu Brown et Duguid Lee C.M p.58.

4 Cohen et Fields 1999 Meyerson Leland Stanford Palo Alto 5 Stock Farm 1876 Stanford Leland Jr David Starr Jordan 1909 Federal Telegraph Company Lee C.M p Palo stick Alto Redwood 6 Lee C.M p.218

5 Frederic Terman Lewis Terman IQ Federic Terman ScD MIT Terman Terman David Packard 7 William Reddington Hewlett Hewlett- Packard HP Hewlett 538 Hewlett- Packard 1938 Michael Faraday Lee DeForest 3 Lee DeForest 1910 Federal Telegraph Company Charles Litton William Eitel Jack McCullough HP 1932 Litton Litton Engineering Eitel McCullough Eimac GE MIT 1939

1871-1867 1907 Lee DeForest 3 Lee DeForest 1910 Federal Telegraph Company 1900 1910 Charles Litton William

6 Eimac William W. Hansen 1930 Russell Varian & Sigurd Varian Willian Mansen Edward Ginzton Varian Associates X Varian Associates Huggins Laboratories 1948 Stewart Engineering 1952 Watking-Johnson 1957 MEC Varian Associates 1999 Varian Medical Systems stanford.edu/about/facts/research.html

Associates 9 1950 1960 X 1960 10 Varian Associates Huggins Laboratories 1948 Stewart

7 45 William Bradford Shockley Cal Tech 1936 Ph.D. Murray Hill Bell Telephone Laboratory Shockley 1946 John Bardeen Walter Brattain 1956 Shockley Shockley Antisubmarine Warfare Operations Research Group Shockley 1954 Caltech California Institute of Technology Weapons Systems Evaluation for the Department of Defense 1955 Beckman Instruments Mountain View 11 Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Shockley Robert Noyce Gordon Moore Jay Last Eugene Kleiner Jean Hoerni Shockley Shockley 12 Noyce 8 Fairchild Camera and Instrument 1957 Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor Bell Telephone Laboratory Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor 1959 Hoerni Noyce 13 Last San Antonio Road, Mountain View, California Jack Kilby

Institute of Technology Weapons Systems Evaluation for the Department of Defense 1955 Beckman Instruments Mountain View 11 Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Shockley 1963 1974 Robert Noyce

8 Fairchild Semiconductor 1960 Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor 1965 Moore Moore s Law ,000 Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor 55 Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor Davis and Rock Kleiner Perkins Fairchild Semiconductor DRAM Fairchild Semiconductor Noyce Moore 10 Fairchild Semiconductor 1968 Intel Co. Amelco, Signetics, Intersil, National Semiconductor, Advanced Micro Devices AMD Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor Intel Fairchild Semiconductor MOS Ted Hoff, Federico Faggin, Stan Mazor Intel k DRAM k DRAM Intel Intel 1973

DRAM Fairchild Semiconductor Noyce Moore 10 Fairchild Semiconductor 1968 Intel Co.

9 CPU , , Tandem Atari Rolm 40 Homebrew Computer Club 1970 Processor Technology, Apple Computer, Osborne Computer 10 Apple Computer Inc. Apple Inc. Reed College Atari Steve Jobs UC HP Steve Wozniak, Atari Ronald Wayne Apple Computer Fairchild Semiconductor Intel 1984 Apple Computer Apple Computer 1980 DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency VLSI

Reed College Atari Steve Jobs UC HP Steve Wozniak, Atari Ronald Wayne 1976 4 1 Apple Computer

10 48 18 John Hennessy RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer DARPA Jim Clark Andreas Bechtolsheim William Yeager UC Cisco Systems Sun Microsystems SGI MIPS Sun Microsystems SUN Stanford University Network Andy Bechtolsheim Vinod Khosla Scott McNearly UC William Nelson Joy Bill Joy David Filo Jerry Yang Yahoo 1996 Larry Page Sergey Brin Google AuctionWeb ebay UCSF UC Stanley Cohen Herbert Boyer UCSF 1970 DNA Kleiner Perkins Robert Swanson Boyer 1976 Genentech Paul Berg Arthur Kornberg DNAX IntelliGenetics 1981

Bill Joy 1982 1980 1990 1990 1994 David Filo Jerry Yang Yahoo 1996 Larry Page Sergey Brin Google AuctionWeb 1995 1997 ebay 1970 1980 UCSF UC

11 49 Genechip Affymetrix DNA Henton Henton 2 Henton Evolution of Silicon Valley The Silicon Valley Edge, p.47 Defense 2 HP

12 50 18 IC 1955 Shockley Fairchild Semiconductor Fairchild Semiconductor Intel Advanced Micro Devices National Semiconductor PC Apple Computer 20 Apple Computer Internet 1980 UC Cisco Systems Sun Microsystems SGI MIPS Yahoo 1996 Google Bio

1960 1960 70 PC 1970 1980 Apple Computer 20 Apple Computer Internet

13 Silicon Valley Index Intel OpenTable Fortinet , Lee p Silicon Valley Index

14 Terman 1930 Moffett Field 16 Ames Research Center 1939 NASA Lockheed Co. Aerospace IBM 1970 Xerox Co R&D Navy Laura Whipple $476, Jon Samdelin Co-Evolution of Stanford University & Silicon Valley 18 Stanford University office of technology science 19 Lee C.M p.220

17 50 1200 18 1999 150 25 19 R&D 2 1950 100 2009 7 16 1930 Navy Laura Whipple $476,679 1000 1 17 1996 1000 100

15 R D 2006 Government Research Funding SBIR 20 Industry Research Funding Rockfeller R&D SBIR R D SLAC National Linear Laboratory Stanford University office of technology science 22 99

4800 9 1100 R&D 2006 9 270 20 SBIR 3 8800 1950 3240 22 R D 1951 209 1953 20 SLAC National Linear

16 54 18 Varian Associates 1955 Shockley transistor Company 1956 Hewlett- Packard World Headquaters km Palo Alto NPO Bio-X Netscape Jim Clark The James H. Clark Center Peet s Coffee & Tea

8km 2 150 4 1951 1960 1985 2007 290 450 660 700 1 40 100+ 150

17 RCA General Electric GE Westinghouse HP coverstory/06_garage.html

19 57 Bresnahan, T., Gambardella,A. edit Building High-Tech Clusters: Silicon Valley and Beyond, Cambridge University Press. Stanford Japan Center, September 4, 2003, pp Bourdieu, P., Passeron, J.C Les heritiers : les etudiants et la culture, Les Editions de Minuit 1997 Brown, J., Duguid P Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Towards a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation.,Organization Science 2 1, pp a The Social Life of Information, Harvard Business Press. 2000b "Mysteries of the region: knowledge dynamics in Silicon Valley", in The Silicon Valley Edge: A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Eds C-M Lee, W Miller, M Gong Hancock, H Rowen Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA pp Cohen, S. S., Fields G Social Capital and Capital Gains in Silicon Valley, California, Management Review 41 2, pp Coleman, J Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital, American Journal of Sociology, 94: Supplement, pp Foundations of Social Theory, Cambridge, Massachusetts; Harvard, University Press Hanifan, L The Rural School Community Center, Annals of the American Academy of political and social Science, Vol.67, pp Hirshman, A.O The strategy of economic development, Yale University Press 1961 JICA NTT , pp Krugman, P Geography and Trade, 1st MIT Press paperback ed., Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press Development, geography, and economic theory, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press : Lecuyer, C Making Silicon Valley : innovation and the growth of high tech, , Mass.: MIT Press. Lee, C-M, William, M.F. Marguerite, H.G Silicon Valley Edge : A Habitat for Innovation and Entrepreneurship,

1991 Organizational Learning and Communities of Practice: Towards a Unified View of Working, Learning, and Innovation.,Organization Science 2 1, pp40-58.

20 58 18 Stanford, Calif. : Stanford University Press Marshall, A Principle of Economics, London: Mac Millan and Co. Meyerson, D., Weick, K. E., Kramer, R. M Swift Trust and Temporary Groups. In R. M. Kramer and T.R. Tyler eds., Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1996, pp pp vol.26, No.1 pp pp Piore, M.J., Sable, C.E The Second Industrial Divide: Possibility for Prosperity, New York : Basic Books Porter, M The Competitive Advantage of Nations, New York : The Free Press Putnum, R Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy, Princeton University Press NTT 1995 Bowling Alone: America s Declining Social Capital, Journal of Democracy, Volume 6 No.1 pp pp Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community, Touchstone Books Autumn No.65, pp , June, pp Saxenian, A Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. 128 Scott, A.J Metropolis: From the Division of Labor to Urban form, Berkeley : University of California Press Silicon Valley Community Foundation 2009 Index Silicon Valley

2009 2007 2007 pp. 113-116. Piore, M.J., Sable, C.E. 1984 The Second Industrial Divide: Possibility for Prosperity, New York : Basic Books. 1993 Porter, M.

21 59 Smith, A An inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations, 6th ed., Edwin Cannan, 3 vols, London : Methuen pp Caltech NASA The History of Silicon Valley : A Study of Social Capital on the Cluster Evolution Yuko OKI ABSTRACT Looking back to the history of Silicon Valley, a few radio armatures in the late 1920 to early 30 s gave birth this land to a dynamic high-tech complex. Long before which was called Silicon Valley in 1970 s, social capital of technology had been accumulated as a platform of the base for innovation in San Francisco Peninsula. Knowledge which leads to the innovation has been formed through engineers or scientists face to face communication in their daily life. Keywords : Silicon Valley, Cluster, Communication, Information, Social Capital

〔ものづくり紀行　第三十六回〕

〔ものづくり紀行　第三十六回〕 ISSN 1347-4448 ISSN 1348-5504 8 8 (2009 8 ) E-mail: tajinoriko@nifty.com 1. 1.1. 1938 Hewlett-Packard 1950 60 1970 80 Apple Oracle IT 1990 Netscape Google 2006 2009 1.2. 2006 2,357 40 17% 13 6 4 1 260