理恵(最終版)
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2 Grice 1...Leech Maxim of Tact 5... Maxim of Generosity Maxim of Approbation Maxim of Modesty Maxim of Agreement 6....Maxim of Sympathy Brown Levinson ii
3 iii
4 Grice Leech Brown Levinson....Grice Grice 1975 conversational maxims (Cooperative Principle) conversational maxims a. Quantity b. Quality c. Relation d. Manner a. Quantity b. Quality iv
5 c. Relation d. Manner (cf ) Grice B: What s the problem? A: I m out of gas. ( ) B: What year is your car? ( ) c. Relation B: Why don t I take you up to the gas station? A: We all miss John and Nancy, don t we? ( ) B: Well, we all miss Nancy, but we don t miss John. ( ) B v
6 B: Well, we all miss Nancy. ( ) B. a. Quantity B A A B ( ) Dear Sir, Mr. X s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc. a. Quantity Grice Grice implicature vi
7 . Leech Leech(1983) textual rhetoric interpersonal rhetoric Grice 1975 cooperative principle CP interpersonal rhetoric Leech Grice CP interpersonal rhetoric CP politeness principle PP PP Leech PP politeness principle a. Maxim of Tact Minimize cost to other. Maximize benefit to other. b. Maxim of Generosity Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self. c. Maxim of Approbation Minimize dispraise of other. Maximize praise of other. d. Maxim of Modesty Minimize prize of self. Maximize dispraise of self. e. Maxim of Agreement Minimize disagreement between self and other. Maximize agreement between self and other. f. Maxim of Sympathy Minimize antipathy between self and other. Maximize sympathy between self and other. (Leech ,132) a b c d e f ( ) vii
8 .. Maxim of Tact 2 a. Answer the phone. (Leech ) b. Will you answer the phone? ( ibid. 108) c. Could you possibly answer the phone? ( ibid. 108) a c a. Peel these potatoes. (Leech ) b. Sit down. ( ibid. 107) c. Have another sandwich. ( ibid. 107) a c.. Maxim of Generosity Maxim of Generosity Maxim of Tact Maxim of Generosity a. Could I borrow this electric drill? ( Leech ) b. Could you lend me this electric drill? ( ibid. 135) a b viii
9 Maxim of Approbation.. Quantity Dear Sir, Mr. X s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours, etc. ( ) Maxim of Approbation... Maxim of Modesty Maxim of Approbation Maxim of Modesty Please accept this small gift as a token of our esteem. (Leech1983:136) Please accept this large gift as a token of our esteem. (ibid. 136)... Maxim of Agreement ix
10 A: It was an interesting exhibition, wasn t it? B: No, it was very uninteresting. (Leech ) B B A Maxim of Agreement A: The book is tremendously well written. B: Yes, well written as a whole, but there are some rather boring patches, don t you think? (ibid. ).. Maxim of Sympathy Maxim of Sympathy I m terribly pleased to hear that your cat died.(leech ) I m terribly sorry to hear that your cat died. (ibid. ) Maxim of Sympathy I m terribly sorry to hear about your cat.(ibid. 139) Maxim of Sympathy... Leech Leech The Modesty Maxim x
11 A B A B ibid Leech The Agreement Maxim The Agreement Maxim The Modesty Maxim The Agreement Maxim The Modesty Maxim Leech.. Brown Levinson Brown Levinson 1978 (face) positive politeness negative politeness Brown Levinson 2 positive face negative face ( ) ( )1999 xi
12 .. A May I open the window? B Yes, please. As a matter of fact, I was going to open it myself. It s too hot in here. ibid. 37 A B A B Well, I d prefer you didn t. ibid. 37 A B A ( ) Thank you for not smoking. ( ) xii
13 ( ) (( )1999 Brown Levinson 1978 ibid. 259 Brown Levinson Grice, H.P : Logic and conversation 2.Brown, P. S. Levinson 1978 :Universals in language usage: politeness phenomena ibid Help (me) xiii
14 Who could help me let s please Please close the door. I should be glad if you would close the door. It is cold. Dijk 1981 It is cold. (I feel cold.) (l know the cause of the cold.) (I know that the open window is the cause.) (I know that you can close the window.) Close the window. xiv
15 Would you please take the garbage out? Hurry up ibid. 102 ( ) Will you marry me? Grice(1975) Leech 1983 Brown Levinson 1987 Leech 1983 General Pragmatics relative politeness Socio-pragmatics 1.Dijk, T(1981 :Studies in the Pragmatics of Discourse Mouton xv
16 Rossiter 1988 Will you...? Would you...? Would you mind -ing...? Can you...? Could you...? I don t suppose you could...? Do you think you could...? I don t suppose you could possibly...? You couldn t (possibly)...,could you? I was wondering if you could... I was wondering if you could possibly... (Rossiter ) Rossiter will would Can you...?.. xvi
17 . would like to Eastwood 1994 Have you a moment? I want to ask you something. Have you a moment? I wanted to ask you something I wanted to talk to you briefly about one of your patients, Jack said, My patients conditions are confidential. Dr. Levitz said, as if by rote. (R. Cook, Chromosome 6) And I wondered-i wondered if I could buy you a drink or something... Shall I meet you somewhere? Mrs. Robinson said. (C. Webb, The Graduate) I have some friends down from school and we re getting up a beach party. I thought you might like to join us. (H. Robbins, The Lonely Lady) *Did you want to see me now? {Do/ Did} you want to see me now? ( ) xvii
18 Polite Question 1999 ibid Taylor Eastwood, J :Oxford Guide to English Grammar Grice 1975 Leech(1983) Brown Levinson 1978 conversational maxims politeness principle positive politeness negative politeness xviii
19 (1999) A Did you want me? B Yes, I hoped you would give me a hand with the painting. (Leech 1971) A B A B then now 2 A B. Leech, G.N.( 1971): Meaning and the English Verb PHP xix
20 Leech, G.(1983) Principles of Pragmatics Longman Rossiter, P. & & Coulton, T Taylor, J.R LINGUISTIC CATEGORIZATION prototypes in Linguistic Theory 14 xx
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