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1 Alternative Remittance System 20 LI
2 hawala hundi IMF 21
3 ASEAN Qualified Foreign Institutional Investor QFII Qualified Domestic Institutional Investor QDII 22
4 UBS ASEAN QFII QDII 23
5 HSBC 24
6 25
7 26
8 27
9 HKAD open market dollar 28
10 研究ノート 写真1 香港における両替商 拔換商 の店舗 大手両替店 小規模両替店 出所 筆者撮影 2 0 0 7年1 1月2 7日 きつつも 実際には立脚する社会で長い時間を 事業の連続性よりも収益性が重視され 業界内 かけて培われ 内包されてきた信用のあり方を における新規参入および撤退の新陳代謝が活発 基礎に 柔軟かつ強靭な地理的 機能的ネット なためである 特に法的な参入障壁が低く 一 ワークを形成することで機能してきた それは 方で社会に確実な需要のある両替業の場合 そ 中国における社会経済活動の基本となっている の傾向は顕著である 何らかの面識 紐帯を基礎とした相互間のつな こうした香港における両替商の活動について がりがランダムに連鎖し そのなかでの相互関 その法的根拠を検討すると次の点を確認できる 係と信用を核として自律的に経済活動が展開さ まず両替商の存在自体であるが 両替商は香港 れるあり方から発生し 発展してきた金融サー 警察に営業登 録 を お こ な え ば 開 業 可 能 で あ ビスである それゆえにその存在は 公的 法 り 注8 金融行政および中央銀行機能を担当す 的に裏づけされることで制度化 集約化された る香港金融管理局の監督を受けていない 注9 システムや枠組みのなかに 自らの根拠と市場 また業務については 香港域内での両替業に関 を求める銀行とは異なるものである しては 人民元の両替を含めて完全に合法的な 現代の両替商も 基本的には同じ原理で活動 行為である 問題となるのは 両替商が提供し している点では そのビジネスモデルに歴史的 ている中国本土への送金サービスである 香港 連続性を見出すことが可能である ただし現代 では銀行法や外国為替管理法などによって 為 の香港には 直接的に長い歴史を受け継ぐ老舗 替送金業を免許銀行などに集中する規制が存在 注7 業者は少ない これは香港の華人社会では しないため 送金サービスの提供自体は 香港 29
11 regulatory arbitrage A A B 30
12 HSBC HSBC HSBC 31
13 32
14 A B A B B B B TT A B A A B 33
15 C DE E D a 34
16 Leads and Lags 35
17 A B 36
18 Western Union SCMP 37
19 38
20 39
21 Yahoo! Inc., http : //finance.yahoo.com/ 40
22 c c b 41
23 SCMP Bank of China a b ATM SCMP 42
24 Yahoo! Inc., http : //finance.yahoo.com/ IHT 43
25 44
26 45
27 Carroll 46
28 Jost and Harjit Maimbo O Sullivan QFII A B QFII A QDII H H HSBC HSBC China 47
29 48
30 d M SARS A H AH a IHT SCMP ATM 49
31 QDII A QFII APEC APEC Joint Financial Intelligence Unit c 50
32 APEC APEChttp : //www/mof.go.jp/ jouhou/kokkin/ap200209b.htm http : //headlines.yahoo. co. jp/hl? a = san int NIRA ATM QFII http : //jp.reuters.com/arti cle/marketsnews/idjpnjs a b c d http : //j.people.com.cn/2008/08/07 /jp _92388.html a b c http : // /chidimen/cd_fr_c.htm 51
33 http : // about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/tourism. pdf Carroll, Lisa C. Last modified on Alternative Remittance Systems Distinguishing Sub systems of Ethnic Money Laundering in Interpol Member Countries on the Asian Continent. Lyon : International Criminal Police Organization. http : //ww w.interpol.int/public/financialcrime/moneyla undering/ethnicmoney/default.asp International Herald Tribune IHT China Fears Its Citizens a Little too Capitalistic. November 21. Jost, Patrick M and Harjit Singh Sandhu The Hawala Alternative Remittance System and Its Role in Money Laundering. Lyon : International Criminal Police Organization. http : // rpol.int/public/financialcrime/moneylaunder ing/hawala/default.asp Maimbo, Samuel Munzele The Money Exchange Dealers of Kabul : A Study of the Hawala System in Afghanistan.Washington D.C. : World Bank. O Sullivan, Rita Remittances and Anti Money Laundering Efforts. Sessional Paper. ADB IDB/ MIF UNDP Joint Conference on Remittances. September Manila : ADB. South China Morning Post SCMP Western Union Eyes Cash Cow in China. August 25. Underground Banking Flows across Porous Border. November 24. The Hong Kong Almanack and Directory HKAD Hong Kong : The China Mail. Yahoo! Inc., http : //finance.yahoo.com/. 52
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