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2 175ISSN THE REVIEW OF COMPARATIVE SOCIAL SECURITY RESEARCH (KAIGAI SHAKAI HOSHO KENKYU) Summer 2011 No. 175 Special Issue: How do nations guarantee income of their elderly women? with a focus on public pensions Foreword... Emiko Ochiai SUMMER 2011 No.175 Social Security and Living Standard of Female Old Age Pensioners in Sweden...Yayoi Saito Guaranteeing Adequate Pension Incomes for Elderly Women in the UK... Yasuko Hirabe Old Women and Social Security Focused on OASDI... Kiyoe Sugimoto Income Security for Elderly Women in Germany: Focusing on the Pension... Chikako Mori Old Women and Their Pension Why are French Old Women Poor?... Machiko Kamio Women and the Pension System in South Korea: In the Context of the Late-coming Welfare State...Sung-won Kim Article Quality of Child Care Services and Interest of Children in America Analysis of Cases about Administrative Regulation... Yusuke Tsunemori Report and Statistics Youth Employment Problems in France and Japan... Tadashi Sakai Book Review Sung-won Kim Modern Theory of Welfare States: Searching for a new idea from East Asia... Takuji Tanaka Masayuki Kobayashi Disability Law in Asian Countries: Challenge and Prospects for Legal Rights...Katsufumi Urushibara

3 SUMMER 2011 No. 175

4 2, ,160 63H H H

5 3 30 Diane Sainsbury, 1996, Gender, Equality and Welfare States, Cambridge UP

6 Summer 2011 No , ,855 5, , , SMIC , , , , OECD.Stat , Web

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8 Summer 2011 No , , , , , , , , , , / , , , PACS , , RSARSA ,42717, OECD.Stat

9 3/ /2 1/ PACS ,720 2,176, ,952 3,481, , ,459 7

10 Summer 2011 No Offsetting Earmarking Sharing Earmarking, Sharing

11 保険料率 平均給付額 国民基礎年金 ( 定額 )14660 円 ( 月額 ) 厚生年金 %( 労使折半 ) % ( 船員及び坑内員 ) [2007 年 ] ひとりあたり老齢基礎年金平均 663,428 円 ( 年額 ) 厚生年金 1,882,107 円 ( 平均年額 ) 退職共済年金 1,589,958 円 ( 平均年額 ) 15.34%( 労使折半 )1990 年以降 [2010 年 ] * 退職者 1,169 ドル (102,592 円 )( 月額 ) ( 男性 1,216 ドル (106,717 円 ), 女性 935 ドル (82,056 円 )) * 配偶者はその 50% 26.7% ( 本人 12.9%, 事業主 13.8%) 自営業者は週あたり,2.50 ポンド (339 円 ) の定額と年 7,225 ポンド (979,999 円 ) を超え 42,475 ポンド (5,761,309 円 ) 以下の所得の 9.0% [2011 年 ] 基礎年金被保険者 : 月約 ポンド (55,423 円 ) 扶養配偶者 : 月約 ポンド (33,253 円 ) 付加年金全受給者平均 : 月約 104 ポンド (14,107 円 ) 年金クレジット ( 資産調査つき最低保障年金 ) 夫婦 : 月約 ポンド (74,531 円 ) 単身 : 月約 ポンド (113,775 円 ) 19.9% ( 労使折半 ) [2010 年 ] 法定年金保険全受給者 : 742 ユーロ (86,250 円 ) 賃金総額に対して, 本人 0.1%, 事業主 1.6% の計 1.7% 社会保障の上限を限度とする賃金に対して, 本人 6.65%, 事業主 8.3% の計 14.95% 老齢者連帯手当は, 老齢連帯基金 ( 全ての人が負担する一般社会拠出金財源 ) により支出される. [2008 年 ] 直接的権利の年金受給者 : 約 1500 万人全ての制度の平均年金額 : 月 1122 ユーロ (130,421 円 )( 男性の平均年金額 1636 ユーロ (190,168 円 ), 女性の平均年金額 1020 ユーロ (118,565 円 )) 17.21% ( 本人 7.0%, 事業主 10.21%) * 生活保護受給者, 失業者は社会保険給付から 7% 負担し, 別途, 国が 10.2% を負担. * 自営業者は 17.21% を全額自分で負担. *17.21% は控除前の金額で, 控除後の金額は 18.5%. [2011 年 ] 保証年金 ( 月額 / 満額の場合 ) 単身 : 7,597 クローナ ( 92,574 円 ) 夫婦 /1 人当たり : 6,777 クローナ (82,582 円 ) 老齢年金 ( 保証年金 + 職業年金 + プレミア年金 ) 受給額年間 129,856 クローナ (1,582,379 円 ) 2009 年, 中央値 9.00% 被用者 : 本人 4.5%, 事業主 4.5% 自営業者 : 全額本人負担 任意加入者の保険料率は, 自営業者の中位所得の 9%, 保険料は全額本人負担 [2009 年 ] 国民年金 ( 老齢年金 ) 全受給者 : 188,000 ウォン (14,280 円 ) 扶養家族年金配偶者 : 17,900 ウォン (1,360 円 ) 子ども / 両親 : 11,900 ウォン (903 円 ) 基礎老齢年金単身 : 88,000 ウォン (6,684 円 ) 夫婦 : 140,800 ウォン (10,694 円 ) ーネ =12.19 円,1000 ウォン =75.96 円 ).

12 表 4 先進諸国の公的年金制度 国名 公的年金の体系 対象者 ( 強制 任意 非加入 ) 日本 者自な営ど業 会社員 ( 厚生年金 ) 所得比例 被用者一定収入のある人 自営業 無職 ( 基礎年金 )20 歳以上 65 歳未満専業主婦には第 3 号被保険者制度あり 基礎年金 [ 2007 年 ] 年金額 被用者収入のある者 アメリカ 所得比例 自営業者 ( 年 400 ドル ( 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) 無職 現役時の所得 [ 2007 年 ] イギリス 最低保障年金 所得比例定額給付 適用除外 被用者 ( 週に ポンド (13,855 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) ( それ以下の低所得者は ) * 国家第二年金 ( 報酬比例部分 ) には 適用除外が認められている 自営業者 ( 年 5,315 ポンド (720,927 円 ) 以上の収入のある者 ) ( それ以下の低所得者は ) 無職 [ 2011 年 ] ドイツ 所得比例 被用者 (2 か月以内又は 50 労働日以内の短期就労の者, もしくは月収 400 ユーロ (46,496 円 ) 以下の者は ) 自営業者 ( 業種によっては ), 無職 [ 2010 年 ] 被用者, 自営業者 フランス 老齢者連帯手当 無職 所得比例 所得税の納税者すべて ( 被用者, 自営業者, 失業者, 両親給付受給者, 疾病給付受給者, 障害年金受給者 ) スウェーデン 保証年金 所得比例 [ 2011 年 ] 被用者, 自営業者 学生や専業主婦 無職 韓国 所得比例 [ 2010 年 ] ( 注 ) 表中の円表示は,OECD.Stat による 2010 年平均レート (1 ドル =87.76 円,1 ユーロ = 円,1 ポンド = 円,1 クロー

13 941 5,

14 Summer 2011 No Pensionsmyndigheten Försäkringskassan Premiepensionsmyndigheten allmän pension inkomstpension premiepension garantipension AP: Allmän Pension Fond AP7 Såfa: Statens årskullsförvaltnings alternativ , ,

15 1 9,713 10, : 311 allmän pensionsavgift arbetsgivaravgiftstatlig ålderpensionsavgift tjänstepension avtalspension 2 BTP: Bostadstillägg till pensionär SBTP: Särskilt bostadstillägg till pensionär ÄFS: Äldreförsörjningsstöd Tandvårdsstöd , ,1394 9, ,6501 2, , , ,683 7,543 6, Lennartsson 2007:

16 Summer 2011 No Förster, Michael and Marco Mira dercole Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries in the Second Half of the 1990s. OECD Social, employment and migration working papers Gustafsson 2008: Gustafsson, Björn Palme 2002: 76 Palme 2002:

17 FP ATP FP: Folkpension ATP: Allmän tilläggspension Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, , ,200 62SCB 2004: 12 ATP: Allmän tilläggspension FP: Folkpension SCB 2004: Ds2006: SCB 2004: 35 SCB 2004:

18 Summer 2011 No. 175 DS 2006: , , , SCB 2004: SCB 2004: Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, 55 14

19 Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, , , SCB 2004: : ,750 29, ,990 2, ,850 9, ,040 4, , ,970 5, ,430 11, ,200 14, ,830 60, ,440 14, ,070 5, ,840 44, ,610 47,830 * hushålltjänst) Statistiska centralbyrån 2004,

20 Summer 2011 No , ,900 2,400 8,900 / , ,200 2,800 7,000 / , ,100 3,800 12,900 / , ,800 1,400 11,800 / Statistiska centralbyrån 2004, , SCB 2004: Palme 2002: 77Socialstyrelsen Palme 2002: Szebehely 2002: Palme 2002: maxtaxa

21 82011 minimibeloppet minimibeloppet 1,712 1,783 4,832 4,083 prisbasbelopp Socialstyrelsen Meddelande. Uppgifter för beräkning av avgifter inom äldre- och handikapp- omsorgen år förbehållsbeloppet Socialstyrelsen 2007, 12 Palme 2002:

22 Summer 2011 No : sambeskattning särbeskattning 1993: : B.Miles 2003: B.Miles 2003: straffskatt på äktenskapet B.Miles 2003: tudelningsprincipen B.Miles 2003: B.Miles 2003: B.Miles 2003: : SCB 1999: 64 samborscb 1999: 65 18

23 1960 SCB 1999: SCB 1999: SCB 1999: föräldrapenning föräldraförsäkring föräldraledighet FK 2010:

24 Summer 2011 No Försäkringskassan mamma- och pappamånader FK 2010: 7 FK 2010: FK 2010: Jämställdhetsbonusen 13,

25 Försäkringskassan Försäkringskassan jämställdhetspot, kvinnnopot

26 Summer 2011 No ,600 18, ,000 20, ,900 31, ,100 27, ,500 21, ,300 20, ,400 37, ,600 22, ,500 21, ,200 17, SCB 2006: LO: LandsorganisationenLO LO 4 efterlevandepension 2003 barnpension omställningspension änkepension ,427 2, förlängd omställningspension 6,818 6,

27 , , , , , FK 2006: 4 4,169 6, ,000 7,000FK 2006: 5 SCB ,056 2,985 2,024 28, ,786 14,872 1, ,928 4,169 2, ,

28 Summer 2011 No , ,007 31, Bergström Miles, Eva Sambeskattning och särbeskattning. Deklarationen 100år och andra tillbakablickar. Riksskatteverket. pp Försäkringskassan (FK) Statistik 2006:2. Efterlevandepension 1993:2005. Försäkringskassan (FK) Family policy in Sweden Social Insurance Report 2008: 15. Gustafsson, Björn, Johansson, Mats and Edward Palmer Pensionärernas inkomstandard under 90-talet djupa recession och den följande återhämtningen. Försäkringskassan. Lennartsson, Carin Olika Livssituation för äldre kvinnor och män. Välfärd Nr 2, Socialstyrelsen. Palme, Joakim, Bergmark, Åke, Bäckman, Olof, Estrada, 24

29 Felipe, Fritzell, Johan, Lundberg, Olle, Sjöberg, Ola, Sommestad, Lena and Szebehely Marta Welfare in Sweden: The balance sheet for the 1990s. Ds 2002:32. Pensionsmyndigheten Orange report. Annual report of the Swedish pension system Socialdepartementet (Ds) Var det bättre förr? Pesionärenas ekonomiska situation i början av 2000-talet. Ds 2006:13. Socialdepartementet (Ds) Detta är pensionsöverenskommelsen. Ds 2009:53. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) Från folkbrist till en åldrande befolkning. - glimtar ur en unik befolknings - statistiks under 250 år. Fakta inför 2000-talet. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) De äldres ekonomiska välfärd - inkomster, utgifter och förmögenheter.- inkomster, utgifter och förmågenheter. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) På tal om kvinnor och män. Lathund om jämställdhet. Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) Äldres levenadsförhållanden. Arbete, ekonomi, hälsa och sociala nätverk Szebehely, Marta Äldreomsorg i förendring. Värfärd, vård ovh omsorg. Antologi/Komitten Välfärdsbokslut. SOU 2000:38. pp pp pp De äldres ekonomiska välfärd - inkomster, utgifter och förmögenheter. -inkomster, utgifter och förmågenheter : , ,

30 EU 26

31 2004Family Resources Survey 2004/05 The Gender Impact of Pension Reform p.12. Figure 2 ii National Insurance retirement pension 27

32 Summer 2011 No. 175 bereavement benefits basic state pension state second pension occupational pension widowed parent s allowance bereavement allowance bereavement payment A B Old Age and Widows Pension Act

33 basic sate pension B 2010 B state second pension occupational pension personal pension 50 SSP B working life 90 qualifying years

34 Summer 2011 No statutory maternity pay carer s allowance Social Security Act 1975 Home Responsibilities Protection Council Directive EEC 79/ Pension Act

35 Welfare Reform and Pension Act 1999 B personal account 1 visible care s credit 2 41 tax year 31

36 Summer 2011 No B 2007 B Civil Partnership Act Minimum Income Guarantee 60 The Pension Service Guarantee Credit Saving Credit

37 personal account 22 5,035 NEST automatic enrolment 3NEST EU EU 33

38 Summer 2011 No European Commission 2006, p Department for Work and Pension 2006, pp Annika Sundén, A Discussion of Retirement Income Security for Men and Women, Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi 2010, pp Department for Work and Pensions 2005, pp Department for Work and Pensions 2005, p Pension Act N Wikely, A Ogus, 2002, p Department for Work and Pension 2006, p Department for Work and Pensions 2005, p N Wikely, A Ogus 2002, p Department of Social Security 1998, New ambition for our country: A New Contract for Welfare Cm State Pension Act Department for Work and Pensions 2005, pp Asghar Zaidi, Katrin Gasior and Eszer Zólyomi, Poverty Amongest Older Women and Pensions Policy in the European Union, Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi 2010, pp EU pp Bernd Marin, Eszter Zolyomi Eds Women s Work and pensions: What is Good, What is Best?, Ashgate Child Poverty Action Group 2010 Welfare Benefi ts and Tax Credits Handbook 2010/ th ed, Child Poverty Action Group Department for Work and Pensions 2005 Women and pensions: The evidence, DWP Department of Work and Pension 2006 The Gender Impact of Pension Reform, DWP European Commission 2006 Adequate and Sustainable Pensions Synthesis Report 2006, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities N Wikely, A Ogus 2002 The Law of Social Security 5 th ed, Butterworths 34

39 The Old- Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI OASDI Social Security ActThe Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDISupplemental Security Income Program: SSI The Old- Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI 35

40 Summer 2011 No path dependent Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI 1 Social Security Act 1 2 OASDI The Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance Programs: OASDI

41 Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI Temporary Assisitance for Needy Familied: TANFAid to Families with Dependent Children Old-Age AssistanceAid to the Blind1950 Aid to the Totally and Permanently Disabled 1972 SSI 74SSI TANF 18 General Assistance: GAGA 2 1 OASDI F.D Old-age Insurance OASDI

42 Summer 2011 No , OASDI OASDI

43 OASDI 50 OASDI OASDI OASDI ,400 OASDI OASDI 1 OASDI , , ,169 2, , , , , , , Social Security Bulletin,Vol.70,No.3,

44 Summer 2011 No ,300 1 OASDI ,100 1,600 1, , OASDI 2OASDI ,528 1, ,112 1, , ,099 1, ,774 1, , , , OASDI 49,

45 SSI Supplemental Security Income Program: SSI 65 3 SSI SSI SSI OASDI Old- Age Assisitance 1972SSI 41

46 Summer 2011 No earning sharing2double-decker, two-tire system

47 4 12, , , , , , , , , , , Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F.Slevin 1 Neil Gilbert, ed. 2006, Gender and Social Security Reform: What's Fair for Women?, Tansaction Publishers Committee on Ways and Means, U. S. House of Representatives, 2008, 2008 Green Book, house.gov/media/pdf/111/ssgb.pdf OASDHI Hoskins, Dalmer D "U.S. Social Security at 75 Years: An International Perspective" Social Security Administration, 2010, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 3, Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F. Slevin, 2001, Gender,social Inequalities, and Aging, Alta Mira Press Social Security Administration, 2010, Social Security Bulletin, Vol. 70, No. 3, 2010 Neil Gilbert, ed. 2006, Gender and Social Security Reform: What's Fair for Women?, Tansaction Publishers Calasanti, Toni, & Kathleen F. Slevin, 2001, Gender, social Inequalities, and Aging, Alta Mira Press,, 2000,

48 Gesetzliche Rentenversicherung GRV GRV GRV GRV 3 44

49 . GRV 1. GRV GRV Rürup Kommission, 2003, 68 GRV Deutsche Rentenversicherung: DRV SGB GRV SGB SGB DRV, 2011, WartezeitSGB 50 rentenrechtliche Zeiten Witwen-/Witwerrente46 Erziehungsrente 47 5 Waisenrente Beitragszeiten beitragsfreie Zeiten Berücksichtigungszeiten Kindererziehungszeit3 56 Anrechnungszeiten58 7 Zurechnungszeit GRV 45 Standardrente , BMAS, 2010b 20f ebenda 45

50 Summer 2011 No SGB 64 persönliche EntgeltpunkteSGB 66 Zugangsfaktor Rentenartfaktor aktueller Rentenwert Bundesregierung, 1984, SGB SPD Bündnis90 die Grünen, 2000, a

51 GRVSGB 3 1a DRV, 2010, a Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt, Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010c geringfügige Beschäftigung; Mini-Job BMAS, 2011, 7 GRV 15DRV SGB BA, Rente nach Mindesteinkommen

52 Summer 2011 No. 175 SGB GRV 12 DRV GRV Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010c, DRV, f. BMAS, 2010a, SGB SGB 18a 2 Versorgungsausgleich

53 Rentensplitting SGB 120a 25 BMAS, 2010a, 14ff GRV 1, BMAS, 2008, Tabelle BC ,271 1,502 1, ,622 1, ,376 Parität, Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010d 49

54 Summer 2011 No ,000 5,091 6,849 1, ,172 3, , ,000 1, ,250 1, ,500 1, ,750 2, ,000 2, ,500 3, ,000 4, , ,271 1,267 1,502 1,622 1,351 1,400 1,191 1,222 1,010 1,178 BMAS, 2008, Tabelle BC.56 1 Deutscher Frauenrat Deutscher Frauenrat, 2008, 1f Welt online, Kinderförderungsgesetz BMFSFJ, 2010,

55 BMAS, 2010a, DIW , DIW DIW, 2010 CDU Krauss CDU Sachsen, CDU SPD 2010 SPD, 2009, 50 51

56 Summer 2011 No Europäische Kommission, 2011, Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010a Statistisches Bundesamt, 2010b Elternzeit ff BMAS, 2011, BMAS, 2010, 5f SGB SGB BMGS, 2003, pp pp BA (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) Geringfügig entlohnte Beschäftigte Zeitreihe ab Juni BA. BMAS (Bundesministerium für Arbeit und Soziales) Alterssicherungsbericht. BMAS. BMAS. 2010a. Rentenratgeber für Frauen. BMAS. BMAS. 2010b. Rentenversicherungsbericht. BMAS. BMAS Geringfügige Beschäftigung und Beschäftigung in der Gleitzone. BMAS. BMFSFJ (Bundesministerium für Familien, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend) Erster Zwischenbericht zur Evaluation des Kinderförderungsgesetzes, BMFSFJ. BMGS Bundesministerium für Gesundheit und Soziale Sicherung Nachhaltigkeit in der Finanzierung der sozialen Sicherungssysteme. Bundesregierung Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Neuordnung der Hinterbliebenenrenten sowie zur Anerkennung von Kindererziehungszeiten in der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung. Drucksache 10/2677. Deutscher Bundestag. CDU Sachsen Krauss: Ohne Rente nach Mindesteinkommen droht Altersarmut, sachsen-cdu-politik.de/ /krauss-ohne-rente-nach- 52

57 mindesteinkommen-droht-altersarmut-1217/ DIW Deutsche Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Renten im Osten rutschen unter die Grundsicherung, c de DRV Versicherte 2007/2008. DRV. DRV Ergebnisse auf einen Blick. DRV. DRV Aktuelle Daten DRV. Europäische Kommission. Beschäftigung, Soziales und Integration, Gleichstellung der Geschlechter, das geschlechtsspezifische Lohngefälle, die Situation in Ihrem Land, Deutschland, main.jsp?catid=963&langid=de ( ) Parität Armutsgrenze: 60 Prozent eines mittleren Einkommens, php?id= SPD Sozial und Demokratisch. SPD. SPD/Bündnis 90/die Grünen Entwurf eines Gesetzes zur Reform der gesetzlichen Rentenversicherung und zur Förderung eines kapitalgedeckten Altersvorsorgevermögens. Drucksache Deutscher Bundestag. Statistisches Bundesamt Verdienstunterschied zwischen Männer und Frauen, jetspeed/portal/cms/sites/destatis/internet/de/content/ Statistiken/VerdiensteArbeitskosten/ Verdienstunterschiede/Tabellen/Content75/GPG persoe nlich,templateid=renderprint.psml Statistisches Bundesamt Atypische Beschäftigung. Anteile Erwerbstätiger in unterschiedlichen Erwerbsformen nach soziodemographischen Merkmalen und Wirtschaftsabschnitten 2009 in destatis.de/jetspeed/portal/cms/sites/destatis/internet/ DE/Content/Statistiken/Arbeitsmarkt/content75/ AtypischeBeschaeftigung2009.psml Statistisches Bundesamt. 2010a. Knapp zwei Drittel der alleinstehende Männer sind ledig, jetspeed/portal/cms/sites/destatis/internet/de/presse/ pm/zdw/2010/pd p002,templateid=renderprint. psml Statistisches Bundesamt. 2010b. Eheschliessungen, Scheidungen, Sites/destatis/Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Zeitreihen/ LangeReihen/Bevoelkerung/Content75/lrbev06a, templateid=renderprint.psml Statistisches Bundesamt. 2010c. Beschäftigungsstatistik. Statistisches Bundesamt. Statistisches Bundesamt. 2010d. Sozialleistungen - Sozialhilfe - Grundsicherung im Alter und bei Erwerbsminderung, Empfängerinnen und Empfänger, Internet/DE/Content/Statistiken/Sozialleistungen/ Sozialhilfe/Grundsicherung/Tabellen/Content100/Unterb ringungnachempfaengern,templateid=renderprint.psml Welt online EU sieht grosses Problem bei Kinderbetreuung, grosses_problem_bei_kinderbetreuung.html

58 ,500 droit direct , , , , , , , ,

59 Assurance volontaire 5 6 AVPF au taux plein Code de la Sécurité Sociale 3 assurance maladie assurance maternité assurance invalidité assurance viellesse assurance veuvage assurance décès 43 1 les régimes de base 55

60 Summer 2011 No GIP INFO RETRAITE légalement obligatoires 2 les régimes complémentaire légalement obligatoires CNAV ARRCO 2 3 CNAV ARRCO AGRIC CNAVPL 13 les formes d épargne retraite collective ou individuelle régimes supplémentaire facultatifs L

61 MSA ARRCO AGRIC CNAV IRCANTEC CRPN CNIEGCRPCF CRPCENENIM CRP RATP CRP SNCF RAFP CNRACL FSPOEIE MSA RSIAVA ORGANIC CNAVPL CRNCAVOMCARMF CARCDSF CAVP CARPMO CARPV CAVAMAC CAVECCIPAV CNBF CNAV IRCEC ENIM CAVIMAC GIP INFO RETRAITE SMIC La Salaire minimum de croissance SMIC 9 7, ,800 SMIC 800 SMIC 200 1, ,2001 validé SMIC

62 Summer 2011 No ARRCO AGRIC 3 A B C C ASPA , ,391 13, ,865 ASPA ASPA 3 9, , l allocation de solidarité aux personnes agée ASPAle Fonds de solidarité vieillesse FSV CSG Contribution sociale génélaisée A B 1 les majorations de durée d assurance MDA MDA assurance vieillesse des mère de famille AVMFAVPF 2 58

63 MDA maternité A B 4 C

64 Summer 2011 No assurance vieillesse des parents au foyer AVPF AVPF 1979 AVPF AVPF A B 32 C , AVPF A 3 1 B ,856 AVPF

65 AVPF A80 20 B , pension de reversion le douaire PACS Pacte civile de solidarité PACS PACS douaire ,720 SMIC 2, ,680 29, , , , l allocation de veuvage 55 A B C D PACS , ,

66 Summer 2011 No Enquete Rf2001, Calculs Dress et Insee , ,684 1, ,

67 ,672 1,674 1,604 1,612 1,624 1,574 1,636 1,661 1,660 1,588 1,588 1,594 1,525 1, , ,048 1,097 1,020 1, DRESS, Echantillon intrrégimes de retraiéts EIR DRESS DRESS

68 Summer 2011 No les familles professionnelles cadres carrières complètes la première liquidation CNAV 1,139 5, ARRCO 955 9, AGRIC 190 6, AGRIC 64

69 ,059ARRCO ,705ARRCO AGRIC 2, , MDA MDA 10 AVPF MDA MDA AVPF AVPE AVPF MDA MDA 2005 MDA AVPF AVPF a b 1ab 1 1, ,122 1, DRESS,Echantillon interrégimes de retraiéts EIR 2004, Echantillon interrégimes de cotisants EIC

70 Summer 2011 No AVPF AVPF AVPF 7, ,8404, ,727AVPF 7, ,9685, ,778AVPF , , AVPF CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES 5 AVPF AVPF MDA Oui Non Non Non Non AVPF Oui Oui Non Oui Oui MDA Oui Non Non Oui Oui Non Oui Oui Non Non Oui Non Oui Oui Non Non Oui Non 3 Oui Non Non Oui Non Non CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES Retraites:droits familiaux et conjugaux Sixième rapport adopté le 17 décembre

71 65 12, , , ,959 1, , ( 6 3,308 )11, , , , ,83734 ( 4,046 ) MDA L intéret général L L n

72 Summer 2011 No PACS Haute Autorité de Lutte contre Discrimination et pour l égalité, HALDE PACS 95 2 PACS NY , , Patrick Aubert et Virginie Christel, Les Retraités et les retraites en 2008, Minstère du Travail, de l emploi et de la Santé, Observatoire-retraites, Conseil d Orientation des Retraites, fr, GIP INFO RETRAITE

73 6 CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES, Retraites:droits familiaux et conjugaux, Sixième rapport adopté le 17 décembre 2008, Dominique Grandguillot, Droit Social 12é , Gualino, 2010, Ministère de Solidarités et de la Cohésion Sociale HP l Assurance Retraite HP 7 maternité Ministère de Solidarités et de la Cohésion Sociale CHIFFRES-CLÉS CONSEIL D ORIENTATION DES RETRAITES op.cit p p p Samia BENALLAH, Patrick AUBERT, Nadine BARTHELEMY, Marianne CORNU-PAUCHET et Julien SAMAK, Les motivations de départ à la retraite, études et resultats N 745, janvier 2011, p ( 36 ) Conseil Constitutionnel, Décision n DC du 14 aoû t Marie-Thérèse LANQUETIN, Les retraites des femmes: quelle égalité?, DROIT SOCIAL N novembre 2003, p. 969Les retraites des femmes: quelle égalité?, DROIT SOCIAL N 3 Mars 2011, p Délibration n du 13 septembre Catherine ZAIDMAN, L individualisation des droits réduirait-elle les inégalités homes/femmes?, DROIT SOCIAL N 6 Juin 1998, p

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88 Summer 2011 No. 175 I NPO family child carecenter based care Kith and Kin care Child Care Bill 1971 Comprehensive Child Development Act 1975 Child and Family Service Act 1979Child Care Act Child Care and Development Block Grant CCDBG 6 CCDBG CCDBG 5 CCDBG high cost limited supply uneven quality affordabilityavailabilityquality 84

89 1996 CCDBG TANF CCDBG Rush v. Obledo 10 4 institutional day care centersfamily day care homes unannounced warrantless inspection revocation 4 85

90 Summer 2011 No Wooster business North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon Matis 1 compelling interest Ruiz v. Mcdonnell 16 86

91 17 Deshaney affirmative conduct immediate threat of harms Walding v. U.S.A reckless Deshaney private harm actions created or exacerbated a danger Taylor Ray v. Foltz 22 Taylor 1983 Deshaney

92 Summer 2011 No North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon 2 6 compelling 23 Rush v. Obledo Currie 25 Rush v. Obledo4 88

93 Zigler 1970 custodial carecomprehensive care developmental care CCDBG 26 MatisNorth Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon registration Matis 27 Zigler accreditation NAEYC National Association for the Education of Young Children, 28 Matis Zigler 89

94 Summer 2011 No pp p pp EDWARD ZIGLER, KATHERINE MARSLAND & HEATHER LORD, THE TRAGEDY OF CHILD CARE IN AMERICA, Yale University Press p Kindergarten 2 p Child Care Needs of Low-income Families: Hearing of the Committee on Ways and Means House of Representatives 100th Congress second session statement of Robert Rector pp CCDBGOmnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 P.L p AFDC Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 P.L AFDCTANF Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, pp CCDBG6 pp.41-47, license APA 1998 Governmental Benefits 214 p APA Administrative Procedure Act licensepermit license interchangeable pp Rush v. Obledo 517 F. Supp. 905 U. S. Dis. Cal very same portions See case cited at supra note

95 12 Ann K. Wooster, Annotation, Validity of Warrantless Administrative Inspection of Business That is Allegedly Closely or Pervasively Regulated; Cases Decided Since Colonnade Catering Corp.v. U.S., 397 U.S.72,90 S. Ct.774, 25 L.Ed. 2d , 182 A.L.R.Fed. 467, 470, p.200. Forest Hills v. Lukhard 1 nonsectarian sectarian 1 Forest Hills v. Lukhard 728 F.2d 230 U.S.App. 4th Cir North Valley Baptist Church v. Mchahon 696 F.Supp. 518 U.S.Dist. Cal Greg J.Matis, Comment:Dilemmma in Day Care:The Virtues of Administrative Accomodation, 57 U.Chi. L.Rev. 573, Ruiz v. Mcdonnell 299 F. 3d 1173 U.S.App. 10th Cir Deshaney Deshaney v. Winnebago 489U.S.189; 109S. Ct.998; 103L.Ed.2d special relationship danger creation Ruiz v. Mcdonnell danger creation See case cited at supra note pp Walding v. U.S.A. U.S.Dis. LEXIS20549 Tex Taylor Taylor v. Ledbetter 818F. 2d 791 U.S.App. 11thCir Taylor By and Through Walker v. Ledbetter, 818 F 2d th Cir

96 Summer 2011 No U.S.C p Ray v. Foltz 370F.3d 1079 U.S.App. Fla See case cited at supra note See case cited at supra note JANET M.CURRIE, THE INVISIBLE SAFETY NET PROTECTING THE NATION S POOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES, Princeton University Press ZIGLER, MARSLAND & LORD, supra note 1, at 28-29, Matis, supra note 15, at ZIGLER, MARSLAND & Lord, supra note 1, at

97 EHESS Paris Youth in the Crisis: a Lost Generation? OECD. StatExtracts Are the young taking a bad start? The scaring effect in debate Scaring effect 93

98 Summer 2011 No Louis Chauvel Education and transition from school to work: a broken promise? 6 1Brinton 90 94

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100 Summer 2011 No Tokyo Freeters Marc Petitjean No Sébastien Lechevalier Cécile Van de Velde 96

101 2 3 1Anne SonnetOECD OECD OECD 2010 Off to a Good Start? Jobs for Youth , 2008 NTT 97

102 C. Johnson C. Jones I. Holliday p

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