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1 8 W 11 W1101 /

2 : (54 ) : : : 2013-:

3 Twitter Keisuke

4

5 ? 1687: ( ) Isaac Newton ( ) Equation of motion

6 ? 1687: ( ) 1873: ( ) James C. Maxwell ( ) Isaac Newton ( ) Equation of motion Maxwell equation

7 ? 1687: ( ) 1873: ( ) James C. Maxwell ( ) Isaac Newton ( ) Equation of motion 1900~ = & Maxwell equation Werner K Heisenberg ( ) Erwin Schrödinger ( ) (1926) (1925)

8 ? 1687: ( ) 1873: ( ) James C. Maxwell ( ) Isaac Newton ( ) Equation of motion 1900~ = & 1936: ( ) 1948: ( ) Maxwell equation Werner K Heisenberg ( ) (1925) Erwin Schrödinger ( ) (1926)

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10 Rolf Landauer ( ) 80s~ Information is physical 1 kt log2 File:Rolf_Landauer_2474.jpg

11 Rolf Landauer ( ) 80s~ Information is physical 1 kt log2 File:Rolf_Landauer_2474.jpg Richard P Feynman ( ) 1981(MIT) 1 st Symposium on Physics and Computation I m not happy with all the analyses that go with just the classical theory, because nature isn t classical. If you want to make a simulation of nature you d better make it quantum mechanical physics/laureates/1965/feynman-bio.html

12 Rolf Landauer ( ) 80s~ Information is physical 1 kt log2 File:Rolf_Landauer_2474.jpg Richard P Feynman ( ) 1981(MIT) 1 st Symposium on Physics and Computation I m not happy with all the analyses that go with just the classical theory, because nature isn t classical. If you want to make a simulation of nature you d better make it quantum mechanical! physics/laureates/1965/feynman-bio.html 1981(Texas) Physics and Computation Then you guys are using wrong physics ( ) David Deutsch (1953-)

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14 x 2 {0, 1} 0or i = 0i + 1i ( )

15 x 2 {0, 1} 0or i = 0i + 1i ( ) (no-cloning theorem)

16 x x 2 {0, 1} 0or i = 0i + 1i ( ) (no-cloning theorem) ( ) 00i + 11i Alice i = p 2 y y Bo

17 量子エレクトロニクス Nobel Prize 2012: Controlling individual quantum systems cavity-qed 光子の状態操作 非破壊測定 Gleyzes, Sebastien, et al. "Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity." Nature (2007) Serge_Haroche S. Haroche trapped ions イオンの状態操作 量子演算 details.cfm?imageid=576 D. Winland

18 NP! (braid) ( SAT, traveling salesman,. Jones BQP (quantum polynomial time) BQP P! (polynomial time)! Jones/Tutte [Aharonov et al. 07] [Cuevas et al. 11; Iblisdir et al. 13; Matsuo-KF-Imoto 14]

19 ? n i = X 2 n x 1,...x n c x1,...,x n x 1,...,x n i

20 ? n i = X 2 n x 1,...x n c x1,...,x n x 1,...,x n i NP-hard problems can be solved efficiently by ideal analog computer. A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979).

21 ? n i = X 2 n x 1,...x n c x1,...,x n x 1,...,x n i NP-hard problems can be solved efficiently by ideal analog computer. A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979). minimal surface calculation by soap bubble

22 ? All papers on quantum computing should carry a footnote: n i = X This 2 n proposal, like all proposals for quantum computation, relies c x1,...,x on n x speculative 1,...,x n i technology, does not in xits 1,...x current n form take into account all possible sources of noise, unreliability and manufacturing error, and probably will not work. (S. Lloyd Nature (1999)) NP-hard problems can be solved efficiently by ideal analog computer. Rolf A Schönhage On the power of random access machines. ICALP, 520 (1979). minimal surface calculation by soap bubble

23 History of Reliable classical computation

24 History of Reliable classical computation EDVAC: Electric discrete variable automatic computer

25 History of Reliable classical computation EDVAC: Electric discrete variable automatic computer For the recognition and correction of such malfunctions intelligent human intervention will in general be necessary.! by J. von Neumann (1945) First draft of a report on the EDVAC

26 History of Reliable classical computation EDVAC: Electric discrete variable automatic computer For the recognition and correction of such malfunctions intelligent human intervention will in general be necessary.! by J. von Neumann (1945) First draft of a report on the EDVAC ten years later NANDmultiplexing J. von Neumann (1956) Probabilistic logics and the synthesis of reliable organisms from unreliable components

27 -decoherence- Environment i = 0i + 1i quantum superposition

28 -decoherence- Environment 0i or 1i classical mixture

29 -decoherence- Environment 0i or 1i classical mixture Can we correct errors, due to the loss of information, on quantum information? No-cloning theorem: quantum information cannot be copied

30 Not copy quantum information but entangle it with many qubits in such a way that quantum information is protected! 0 L L faculty/shor-peter-williston Peter Shor encode C 2 C 2 C 2 C 2 recovery x I I quantum! error! noise ( x I I ) correction?( ) syndrome measurement 14

31 noise threshold! (error rate per gate) Aharonov & Ben-Or;! Kitaev; Knill, Laflamme & Zurek Preskill Steane Steane! ~0.1% Knill ~1% ! 2003! 2002! KF & K.Yamamoto ~5%! PRA (R) (2010);! PRA (2010);! PhD thesis

32 noise threshold! (error rate per gate) Aharonov & Ben-Or;! Kitaev; Knill, Laflamme & Zurek 2002! Preskill Steane Steane! ~0.1% 2003! Knill ~1% ! Svore et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 2D KF & K.Yamamoto ~5%! PRA (R) (2010);! PRA (2010);! PhD thesis A. Fowler et al. ~1% Raussendorf et al. ~0.75%! Nearest-neighbor in 2D

33 noise threshold! (error rate per gate) Aharonov & Ben-Or;! Kitaev; Knill, Laflamme & Zurek 2002! Preskill Steane Steane! ~0.1% 2003! Knill ~1% ! Svore et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 2D KF & K.Yamamoto ~5%! PRA (R) (2010);! PRA (2010);! PhD thesis A. Fowler et al. ~1% Raussendorf et al. ~0.75%! Nearest-neighbor in 2D Stephens et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 1D

34 noise threshold! (error rate per gate) Aharonov & Ben-Or;! Kitaev; Knill, Laflamme & Zurek 2002! Preskill Steane Steane! ~0.1% 2003! Knill ~1% Dowson, Nielsen nondeterministic gate! ps ~1/ ! Svore et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 2D KF & K.Yamamoto ~5%! PRA (R) (2010);! PRA (2010);! PhD thesis A. Fowler et al. ~1% Raussendorf et al. ~0.75%! Nearest-neighbor in 2D Li et al. nondeterministic gate! KF&Y.Tokunaga ps ~0.1 Stephens et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 1D

35 noise threshold! (error rate per gate) Aharonov & Ben-Or;! Kitaev; Knill, Laflamme & Zurek 2002! Preskill Steane Steane! ~0.1% 2003! Knill ~1% Dowson, Nielsen nondeterministic gate! ps ~1/ ! Svore et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 2D KF & K.Yamamoto ~5%! PRA (R) (2010);! PRA (2010);! PhD thesis A. Fowler et al. ~1% Raussendorf et al. ~0.75%! Nearest-neighbor in 2D Li et al. nondeterministic gate! KF&Y.Tokunaga ps ~0.1 Stephens et al.! Nearest-neighbor in 1D

36 superconducting system: two electrons form a Cooper pair, and has a macroscopic quantum coherence 中村 蔡先 生 (NEC, RIKEN) Y. Nakamura et al (NEC), Nature 1999 flux qubit I. Chiorescu et al (Delft), Science 2003

37 superconducting system: two electrons form a Cooper pair, and has a macroscopic quantum coherence IBM (Watson Research Center) group: Universal Quantum Gate Set Approaching Fault-Tolerant Thresholds with Superconducting Qubits J. M. Chow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett gate fidelity: 95-98% 中村 蔡先 生 (NEC, RIKEN) Y. Nakamura et al (NEC), Nature 1999 flux qubit I. Chiorescu et al (Delft), Science 2003

38 superconducting system: two electrons form a Cooper pair, and has a macroscopic quantum coherence IBM (Watson Research Center) group: Universal Quantum Gate Set Approaching Fault-Tolerant Thresholds with Superconducting Qubits J. M. Chow et al., Phys. Rev. Lett gate fidelity: 95-98% 中村 蔡先 生 (NEC, RIKEN) Y. Nakamura et al (NEC), Nature 1999 flux qubit I. Chiorescu et al (Delft), Science 2003 UCSB J. Martinis s group: Superconducting quantum circuits at the surface code threshold for fault tolerance R. Barends et al., Nature 2014 [fidelities] single-qubit gate: 99.92% two-qubit gate: 99.4% measurement: 99%

39 Google

40 Google

41 Google

42 D-wave (1998) D-wave, Google

43 D-wave (1998) D-wave, Google!!! 10 8 UCSB, IBM, etc Quantum computer quest Nature (2014)

44 D-wave (1998) D-wave, Google!!! 10 8 UCSB, IBM, etc Quantum computer quest Nature (2014)!!! Microsoft etc

45

46

47 最後に Nobel Prize 2012: Controlling individual quantum systems cavity-qed 光子の状態操作 非破壊測定 Gleyzes, Sebastien, et al. "Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity." Nature (2007) Serge_Haroche S. Haroche trapped ions イオンの状態操作 量子演算 details.cfm?imageid=576 D. Winland

48 最後に Nobel Prize 2012: Controlling individual quantum systems Dream or Nightmare cavity-qed the theorist s dream of a quantum 光子の状態操作 非破壊測定 computer would be angleyzes, experimentalist s nightmare Sebastien, et al. "Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity." Nature (2007) Serge_Haroche S. Haroche It will eventually happen using quantum principles to make a quantum computer that will actually have applications. trapped ions イオンの状態操作 量子演算 details.cfm?imageid=576 D. Winland

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