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1 4. 将来文明を支える先端的施設と装置 4.1 HIMAC : 医療用シンクロトロン施設 4.2 J-PARC : 日本陽子加速器複合施設核変換施設を含む 4.3 Spring 8 : 放射光施設 物質科学 量子科学 アクチニド科学の領域に挑戦 4.4 超伝導サイクロトロン 4.5 J- KAREN : レーザー施設
2 Synchrotron Accelerator Research Center for Charged Particle Therapy Heavy Ion Medical Accelerator in Chibe Ion SOurces (HIMAC) Linear Accelerators Physics Experiment Hall Construction Price: 350MDS Area:7,200m 2 About 5,500 patients were treated in clinical trial. Highly serious cancer is cured; Bone and Soft-tissue Cancer Basic Research for advancing carbon radiotherapy for Biological research for carbon particle radiation therapy biology research genomic diagnosis HiCEP Method Biology Experiment Room Therapy Rooms Downsizing and Lowing Construction Price Standardizing QA Educating and Training Human Resources Highly Advanced Therapy New Technologies Good practice and good result High Competency in the world Outcome of the research Compact Facility for Carbon Therapy Construction Price: 134MDS Area: 2,400 m 2 Irradiation in Scanning Method Applicable to moving organs with breath High Ability Low Price Overcoming highly serious cancers Assistance in design of compact accelerator and related devices realized the compact facility for carbon radiotherapy in Gunma University in Japan. Education and Training in OJT Next Generation System New building for carbon therapy New treatment room with robot arm One-day therapy (Come in morning, leave in evening!) Realizing the world in which we have no fear of cancer. 9
3 Distribution of tumor sites in carbon ion radiotherapy at NIRS (June 1994 to July 2010). Abd Lymph Lacrimal Gl Miscellaneous Charged:358 Prostate Charged:904 Bone / Soft Charged:22 Charged:526 Gl Skull Base Head & Neck Charged:42 Charged:2,761 Charged:374 Eye Lung Charged:62 Charged:77 CNS Liver Pancreas GYN Rectum Charged:224 Charged:172
4 J-PARC Facility Nuclear Transmutation (planned as Phase II) Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility Hadron Beam Facility 500 m Neutrino to Kamiokande Linac (330m) 3 GeV Synchrotron (25 Hz, 1 MW) 50 GeV Synchrotron (0.75 MW) J-PARC = Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex Joint Project between KEK and JAEA
5 Transmutation Experimental Facility as Phase-II The Transmutation Experimental Facility (TEF) is planned as Phase-II of J-PARC to accumulate basic data for transmutation of radioactive nuclear wastes. TEF consists of Transmutation Physics Experimental Facility (TEF-P)+Beam Dump ADS Target Test Facility (TEF-T) + Superconducting (SC)-LINAC We would like to start TEF-P at first. TEF-P can conduct subcritical and critical experiments for both Accelerator-Driven System (ADS) and Fast Reactor (FR) by loading minor actinide (MA) fuel. Movable shield Fixed half assembly Fuel loading machine Core Proton beam Critical Assembly 30kW Beam Dump Safety/control rod drive mechanism Movable half assembly Concept of Transmutation Physics Experimental Facility (TEF-P)
6 Status SPring-8 (at Harima Science Garden City, Hyogo, Japan) Energy: 8GeV, Current: 100mA Circumference: 1,436km Num. of Beamlines: 62 Linac Material Science Research Facility of JAEA Synchrotron Public Beamlines Contract Beamlines RI Laboratory Beamlines RIKEN Beamlines Storage Ring Accelerator Beam Diagnostic Lines Total JAEA Beamlines 1. JAEA Quantum Dynamics Beamline (BL11XU) Source: Undulator Photon Energy: 6~70keV 2. JAEA Material Science Beamline (BL14B1) Source: Bending Magnet Photon Energy: 5~90keV(monochromatized) 5~150keV(white beam) 3. JAEA Quantum Structural Science Beamline (BL22XU) Source: Undulator Photon Energy: 3~70keV End part is installed in RI laboratory 4. JAEA Actinide Science Beamline (BL23SU) Source: Undulator (Twin helical) High speed circulator polarization reverse at 1Hz Photon Energy: 3~70keV End part is installed in RI laboratory Operational Planned or Under Construction Total BL22XU
7 SRC World s First and Strongest K2600MeV (8,300tons) Superconducting Ring Cyclotron (SRC) 345 MeV/u Uranium ( 238 U 86+ ) beam 4x10 7 particles/s (5 orders of magnitude smaller than the goal intensity) BigRIPS World s Largest Acceptance 9 Tm (77 m) Superconducting RI beam Separator (BigRIPS) Swallowed 50% of fission fragments produced in 7 mm thick Be target K980-MeV Intermediate stage Ring Cyclotron (IRC)
8 J-KAREN Laser Equipment Energy: 1J Pulse width: 30fs Power: 30TW Wavelength: 800nm Repetition rate: - 10Hz(Maximum) - 1Hz, - A single shot is also possible. At the Kanasai Photo Science Institute, JAEA
9 Long Term Prospect for Nuclear Development Advanced Nuclear Science & Technology Self-Consistent Energy System Nuclear Synthesize with Conventional Technology Energy, Material, Information, Technology LWR Radiation Application Fast Reactor Laser, Accelerator Fusion Reactor Chicago Pile (1942) X Ray (1895) Radioactivity (1896) Oklo Natural Reactors (2 billion-years ago)
10 5. 核反応に根差す原子力文明 5.1 自然に学び 自然をまねる 5.2 原子力科学技術の開発と時間 5.3 豊富な研究開発分野 5.4 核反応に根差す文明
11 自然に学び自然をまねるとは 1. 核反応に根差す文明の研究開発にあたってまず大切なことは自然 すなわち小さな宇宙と大きな宇宙を学び まねることである そこには我々が社会に導入すべき現象やシステムのほとんどが見出されるからである 2. そのような研究開発を通じて文明をその根幹で支える包括的原子力科学技術に成長していくことになろう 3. 関与する科学者 技術者の基本姿勢は宇宙の歴史の勉強から取り掛かるであろう 4. そのとき彼らは研究開発に取り入れるべき自然法則などが見えてくることになる 5. 図は宇宙についての私流の表現であるが そこにはエネルギーの源 粒子 物質さらには恒星の生成消滅などが見える 6. また宇宙には核分裂炉 核融合炉 加速器 レーザーなど核反応に根差す文明構築に不可欠な装置 システムが存在している
12 Creation of the Cosmos and Nuclear Science and Technology Big Bang Birth of Fixed stars Creation of elements up to somewhere around iron Creation of elements such as hydrogen and helium End of Stars and birth of supernovas Creation of uranium and other elements heavier than iron (The Present) Use of high energy particles and light (Accelerator / Laser) Sun Sunlight (Hydrogen burning reaction) Use of nuclear fusion (ITER) Earth Uranium deposits Natural Nuclear Reactor Use of nuclear fission (LWR / FR) Birth of Planets
13 Nuclear Science and Tech observed in the Framework of different Time Spans and Utilization Decades, Centuries and Millennia on Nuclear Utilization Separation and Transmutation Radioactive waste treatment Accelerator Fast Reactor Cycle Nucl;ear Fusion Energy Industry, Agriculture Medical Use
14 宇宙に見る豊富な研究課題 1. ミクロ宇宙での核反応はマクロ宇宙に大きなエネルギーの存在を示し エネルギーや物質の源となる 2. ミクロな量子世界やマクロ宇宙に見える現象やシステムを学びまねることは 未来の文明の根幹となる部分を我々に示してくれる 3. 核反応に根差す文明は 19 世紀末にレントゲンが X 線を発見してミクロ世界を開いたことに始まる 4. それから 1 世紀多くの分野で未来の文明を支える研究開発が進められてきた 5. 我々は化学反応では実現しえない発明発見がなされ いずれもミクロな量子世界の本質に根差すものであることが理解される
15 Plenty of R&D Items for Nuclear Science and Technology New frontiers Life science Molecular oscillation research Clarification of functions Effects of radiation and others Material creation and processing New functional materials Micro-fabrication Surface reformation and others Si C C C Si C C C Si C C C Oscillation Protein, amino acid Study of the ultimate nature of the universe and matter Big Bang Use of radiation Radiation Physics Life science - Analysis of crystal structure Materials science - Research on material properties Generation of material Nuclear fission energy Power generation Sustainable Development Nuclear fusion Core plasma research Development of reactor engineering elements Passive safety system Development of heat application technology Combustion plasma in nuclear reactor Fusion reactor technolog High power and high energy technologies Accelerator and Laser Reactor Engineering Development of sophisticated, and research reactors innovative technologies
16 Whole Aspects of Nuclear Science and Technology to Support the Nuclear Civilization Experts in microscopic world Neutral particles Harmonize with Conventional Technology From Utilization to Harmonization Technologies leading microscopic world to human society Nuclear Fusion Light Nuclear Fission Charged particles + Quantum Theory Comprehensive Nuclear Science & Technology Energy Material -Waste - Pollution -Global Warning etc. Emerging fields created by nuclear technology Information Laser Accelerator Medical Science Nuclear Science Technology Human Society Bioscience Space Science Natural Environment
17 核反応に根差す文明の黎明 しかし 慙愧に堪えないのはこの巨大なエネルギーが核爆弾として広島 長崎に投下され 20 万人もの市民を死に至らしめたことである 然し人知はこれを繰り返すことを許さず 今日に至っていることは幸いといえよう 第 1 段階の原子力開発は第 2 次大戦の終結とともに 終了したと考えられる 永井隆博士は原爆投下後 3 カ月の段階でその原爆犠牲者救済部隊の記録の中で原子力の平和利用を訴えている しかし原子力開発は平和利用の限界を超えて核兵器を作り出し 年 8 月 6 日と 9 日に広島長崎の投下され 悲劇を生んだ 核兵器は我々に 核エネルギーや放射線は公衆の人命や健康に危険を及ぼすものであり 広島 長崎では 20 万人もの人命が奪われた 放射線の障害は平和利用においても起こりうるものであることが認識される
18 太陽光のエネルギーを化学エネルギーに変換ー光合成ー 1. 生態圏の構築は化学反応の文明への道を開いた 2. 地球には温暖な海が存在し 植物の発生と成長を可能にした 3. 太陽と地球の共同作業は地球にエコシステムとしての生態圏を生み出し 植物は光合成によって化学エネルギーを体内に貯蔵し その結果大気中の炭酸ガスが減少し 酸素が増大することになって現在の酸素 20% 窒素 80% の大気構成となっている 4. 植物が太陽エネルギーを吸収して炭酸ガス アンモニアおよび水から有機物をつくりだしたことが生態圏構築の出発点である 5. 動植物の共存は有機物の生産と消費の間に平衡状態を作り出す可能性を持っており これはエネルギーは出入りする開いた系だが 物質的には閉じた系を構成する可能性があった
19 産業革命は化石エネルギーの利用の道を開いた 1. 地球環境は化学反応の文明がスタートしても自ら環境に影響を与える結果にはならなった 与える影響がそれほどではなかったせいである 2. しかし人類が産業革命で蒸気機関の開発さらには発電機の開発を通して人工的に機械エネルギーを使い始めて様相は一変した 3. このエネルギー源として使われたのは地下に眠る化石エネルギーすなわち石炭であった この化石エネルギーの利用は生態圏を構成する動物と植物のうち動物の働きのみを利用することになり 自然界に炭酸ガスとアンモニアと水をさらには熱を排出する結果となった 炭酸ガスは宇宙空間に熱の移動を阻止し地球温暖化の原因になると言われている 4. この結果産業革命以降わずか 200 年の間に文明の構築以来の数百万年の歴史が行き先をなくしてきている 文明は排出側の問題で転換を余儀なくされていると言える 5. この結果国連は 1992 年に人類の持続的発展に関する決議を採決し 化石エネルギーに使用は限界を迎えることになった
20 過去に学ぶ 1. 科学技術はエネルギー 物質 情報及び技術を提供することを通じて文明をその根幹で支えてきた 2. 太陽エネルギーは水の惑星地球に生態圏を生み出した 生態圏は植物と動物が共存して物質バランスを保ってきた 生態圏ではエネルギー的には開いているが物質の流れは閉じている 3. 産業革命によって人類は機械エネルギーと電気エネルギーを人工的に作れるようになったが同時に地下の化石エネルギーに手をつける羽目になり 物質循環のバランスを破壊することとなった 4. 化学反応の文明はその結果転換期を迎え新しいエネルギー源を求める事態となった 5. 次の文明は利用よりむしろ調和を優先することになろう
21 文明の転換に必要な時間 1 化学反応の文明から核反応の文明への転換には時間が必要 2.10 年 (Decade) 100 年 (Century), そして 年 (Millenium) の時間単位がそこには特徴付けられる 3.Decade は大型システムの計画から運用まで Century は新しい概念を理論から出発して実用化までに要する時間単位 ( 核融合炉高速炉など ) Millenium は文明の継続時間にも匹敵し 新しい文明が社会に受け入れ継続する時間 原子力の場合放射線の消滅が一つの要素
22 原子力文明の全体像 1. 最近ニュークリアルネッサンスの名のもとに核反応に根差す科学技術を受け入れようとする動きが原子力界を中心に見られる 私はこの動きが 20 世紀後半の軽水炉の導入実績とその見事な安全実績によってもたらされたものと理解している 2. この動きの中で多くの国々が新たに原子力を導入し さらに原子燃料サイクルの開発も並行して行って原子力の平和利用に向かうものと考えられる 特にこの中に産油国も含まれていることは原子力が既に選択の問題から必然の問題へと高く評価されてきたものと理解できる 3. この機会に国内的にはもちろん国際的にも原子力開発の真の目的と原子力科学技術の全体像の議論を進める必要があるのではなかろうか 4. 議論は原子力科学技術が将来の文明をその根幹で支えるとの展望に立って 現在の化学反応に根差す文明との関連を考える必要があろう 5. 私の理解するところ原子力科学技術は核反応に根差す放射線と物質の相互作用であり その結果 (1) エネルギーが生み出され (2) 物質は変化し 新しいものが生み出され (3) 新しい技術が社会に提供され (4) 新しい自然科学上の法則が明らかにされる 6. このような粒子と物質の相互作用を可能にする装置として核分裂炉 核融合炉 さらには加速器やレーザーがある 7. これら全体が原子力の全体を包括的に眺める基本的な見方だと言えるのではないか
23 自然に学び自然をまねるとは 1. 核反応に根差す文明の研究開発にあたってまず大切なことは自然 すなわち小さな宇宙と大きな宇宙を学び まねることである そこには我々が社会に導入すべき現象やシステムのほとんどが見出されるからである 2. そのような研究開発を通じて文明をその根幹で支える包括的原子力科学技術に成長していくことになろう 3. 関与する科学者 技術者の基本姿勢は宇宙の歴史の勉強から取り掛かるであろう 4. そのとき彼らは研究開発に取り入れるべき自然法則などが見えてくることになる 5. 図は宇宙についての私流の表現であるが そこにはエネルギーの源 粒子 物質さらには恒星の生成消滅などが見える 6. また宇宙には核分裂炉 核融合炉 加速器 レーザーなど核反応に根差す文明構築に不可欠な装置 システムが存在している
24 原子力安全技術センター 30 周年記念講演 今なぜ原子力か 藤家洋一
25 四国電力での講演高松本店 原子力平和利用の進展と今後の展望 1. 原子力開発の暁の訪れ 2.20 世紀後半における成果 3. 将来のエネルギーシステムへの挑戦 4. 将来文明を支える先端的放射線応用 5. 原子核反応に根差す文明
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