QAC SQMlint CX-Checker [4]C XML XML CX-model [5] XML XML XML CX-model XPath CX-Checker (1) XPath (2) DOM (3) 3 XPath CX-Checker MISRA-C 80.3% 102/127

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1 CX-Checker C 1 2,a) , CX-Checker CX-Checker XPath DOM 3 CX-Checker MISRA-C CX-Checker: A Flexibly Customizable Coding Checker for C Toshinori Osuka 1 Takashi Kobayashi 2,a) Noritoshi Atsumi 2 Junichi Mase 3 Shinichirou Yamamoto 4 Nobuyasu Suzumura 5 Kiyoshi Agusa 2 Received: May 30, 2011, Accepted: November 7, 2011 Abstract: This paper proposes a customizable coding checker CX-Checker which aims at improvement of maintainability and reusability of software. CX-Checker supports three type rule description such as XPath base, DOM base and wrapper API base. We introduce the details of CX-Checker and show its effectiveness with feasibility evaluations by adapting MISRA-C and the rules of an embedded software company. Keywords: coding checker, coding rule, static analysis, program analysis 1. 1 NETREQS Co., Ltd., Koutou, Tokyo , Japan 2 Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi , Japan 3 AISIN COMCRUISE Co., Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi , Japan 4 Faculty of Information Science and Technology, Aichi Prefectural University, Nagakute, Aichi , Japan 5 AISIN SEIKI CO., Ltd., Kariya, Aichi , Japan a) tkobaya@is.nagoya-u.ac.jp ICE in circuit emulator ICE [1] GNU [2] MISRA-C [3] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 590

2 QAC SQMlint CX-Checker [4]C XML XML CX-model [5] XML XML XML CX-model XPath CX-Checker (1) XPath (2) DOM (3) 3 XPath CX-Checker MISRA-C 80.3% 102/127 76% 13/17 CX-Checker C XML CX-model 3 4 CX-Checker 5 MISRA-C CX-Checker K&R [6] GNU Coding Standard MISRA-C [3] MISRA MISRA-C MISRA-C c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 591

3 2.2 SQMlint MISRA-C MISRA-C QAC Programming Research 1,300 MISRA-C C RainCode Checker [7] Ada C/C++ COBOL RainCode Engine RainCode scripting language ALGOL CheckStyle [8] Java Visitor Java [9] C S SXML [10] 3. CX-model: C XML 3.1 XML [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] CX-Checker CASE XML C XML GCC-XML [16] srcml [15] ACML [14] CX-model [5], [17] C XML CX-model XML Badros [18] CX-model DTD [19] 2.3 RainCode Checker CheckStyle 3.2 File XML sort defid ID ID type id TypeInfos 2 1 CX-model 2 Local 1 2 Stmt 5 ans += tmp c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 592

4 1 int sum(int x) { 2 int ans = 0, tmp; 3 while (x > 0) { 4 tmp = x--; 5 ans += tmp; 6 } 7 return ans; 8 } 1 Fig. 1 Asamplecode. 1 <File>... 2 <Local id="s34"> 3 <Local id="s36">... 4 <ident defid="s34" type_id="s81">ans</ident>... 5 <ident defid="s35" type_id="s81">tmp</ident>... 6 </Local>... 7 <Stmt id="s66"> 8 <Expr id="e66" sort="assignadd"> 9 <Expr id="e64" sort="varref"> 10 <ident defid="s34" type_id="s81">ans</ident> 11 </Expr><sp> </sp><op>+=</op><sp> </sp> 12 <Expr id="e65" sort="varref"> 13 <ident defid="s35" type_id="s81">tmp</ident> 14 </Expr> 15 </Expr> 16 </Stmt>...</File> Fig. 2 2 CX-model A part of CX-model representation of the syntax structures for the code. 1 <flow id="f01" stmt_id="s50" next="s49" sort="branch_true"/> 2 <flow id="f02" stmt_id="s50" next="s68" sort="branch_false"/> 3 <Stmt sort="while" id="s50"><!-- while (...) {...} --> <flow id="f004" stmt_id="s49" next="s63" sort="control_normal"/> 6 <Stmt sort="block" id="s49"> <!-- {...} --> 7 <flow id="f08" stmt_id="s63" next="s66" 8 sort="data_dependence" expr_id="e65" dep_id="s32"/> 9 <Stmt id="s63">...</stmt><!-- tmp = x--; --> <Stmt id="s66">...</stmt><!-- ans += tmp; --> 12 </Stmt> <Stmt id="s65">...</stmt><!-- return ans; --> 14 </Stmt> Fig. 3 3 CX-model A part of CX-model representation of the flow information for the code. 3.3 File flow flow Stmt Stmt flow 1 3 while 1 flow while 3 7 flow ans += tmp tmp = x File TypeInfos ID type id TypeInfo TypeInfo 1 sort typedef ref typedef ID typeref sum x ans tmp int sum ref typeref 3.5 CX-model CX-model CASE c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 593

5 1 <File> 2 <Function id="s33">... 3 <ident defid="s33" type_id="s80">sum</ident> 4 <op>(</op><param id="s32">... 5 <ident defid="s32" type_id="s81">x</ident> 6 </Param><op>)</op>... 7 <Local id="s36">... 8 <ident defid="s34" type_id="s81">ans</ident>... 9 <ident defid="s35" type_id="s81">tmp</ident> </File> 11 <TypeInfos> 12 <TypeInfo id="s81" sort="standard" type="int" const="false" volatile="false"/> 13 <TypeInfo id="s80" sort="function" ref="s81"> 14 <typeref sort="argument" ref="s81"/> 15 </TypeInfo> 16 </TypeInfos> Fig. 4 4 CX-model A part of CX-model representation of the type information for the code. DOM SAX XPath XSLT XQuery XML 4. CX-Checker CX-Checker CX-Checker CX-Checker 5 CX-Checker CASE Sapid [20] CX-model [5], [17] CX-Checker CX-model XML 4.2 CX- Checker CLI Eclipse 2 Eclipse 6 CX-Checker Java XML 10,000 Eclipse SDK Sapid Saxon 5 CX-Checker Fig. 5 TheoutlineofCX-Checker. 6 Eclipse Fig. 6 A screenshot of our Eclipse plug-in interface. 4.2 CX-Checker 3 XPath DOM Document Object Model XPath DOM c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 594

6 1 XPath Table 1 Defined XPath extension functions. get-type-info get-solved-type-info get-pointee-type-info get-type-info-by-tag-name get-type-sort get-solved-type-sort get-pointee-type-sort get-sign get-type-length get-pointing-level is-void is-floating is-void-function is-function-pointer is-signed is-unsigned can-be-floating may-be-boolean equals is-compatible is-lossy is-assign is-arithmetic is-call is-bit is-shift is-logical is-comparison is-parenthetic is-explicit-cast is-implicit-cast matches TypeInfo TypeInfo typedef typedef TypeInfo TypeInfo standard standard typedef typedef standard true typedef typedef typedef void typedef typedef void typedef typedef signed typedef unsigned typedef typedef typedef 1 2 typedef XPath XPath XPath XML Path language XML XPath /File/Function/Local/ident File Function Local ident XPath starts-with string-length CX-Checker XPath CX-model XPath //sp[contains(text()," ")] c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 595

7 XPath //sp sp XPath CX-model sp [...] contains XPath XPath XML 1 XPath XPath XPath XPath CX-Checker XPath Java XPath API XPath XPath MISRA-C 37 //Expr[cx:is-bit(.)] /Expr[not(cx:is-unsigned(.))] CX-Checker CX-Checker XPath DOM XPath XPath XML XPath CX-model DOM CX-Checker DOM Java public class ARule implements CheckerClass { public List<Result > check(ifile file, CheckRule rule) { List<Result > results = new ArrayList <Result >(); Document doc = file.getdom();... return results; } } DOM CheckerClass check IFile IFile DOM 1 CheckRule check Result Result XPath DOM CX-model Function ident CX-model CX-Checker Java IFile DOM CFileElement CFileElement CElement CElement CFunctionElement CFileElement cfile = new CFileElement(file.getDOM()); for (CFunctionElement function : cfile.getfunctions()) { System.out.println(function.getName()); } CFileElement CFunctionElement get- Name CX-model CX-Checker 3 XPath XPath CX-model XPath W3C XML CX-model c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 596

8 2 MISRA-C Table 2 Number of supporting MISRA-C rules of major coding checkers. 7 XPath Fig. 7 A screenshot of our XPath rule assistant interface. CX-Checker CX-model XPath CX-model 7 prerequisite XPath prerequisite XPath XPath CX-model DTD XML CX-model [21] XPath XPath XML XPath XPath XPath 5. CX-Checker 5.1 MISRA-C MISRA-C CX-Checker SQMlint QAC 5 XPath CX-model XPath QAC SQMlint CX-Checker XPath % XPath Table 3 The amount of time required to implement XPath rules XPath XPath XPath 45 CX-model XPath 3 45 XPath XPath 49% 22/45 5 XPath following-sibling preceding-sibling 5.2 AT 17 MISRA-C MISRA-C 41 76% 54% XPath c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 597

9 Table 4 4 CX-Checker Number of rules which CX-Checker cannot support and its reasons. 6 #3 #4 #46 #114 #1 #99 CX-model 5 #90 #25 #27 #106 #109 Sapid 5 #94 #97 #100 #103 #9 XML XPath 54% CX-model 5.3 CX-Checker MISRA-C MISRA-C 80% 76% CX-Checker XPath XPath 45 49% 5 XPath MISRA-C XPath XPath XPath 2 QAC CX-Checker #define A B B B CX-Checker SQMlint 2 CX-Checker 1 CX-Checker XPath Visitor Visitor XPath CX-Checker CX-Checker XPath DOM 3 MISRA-C CX-Checker 3 XPath CX-Checker c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 598

10 CX-Checker C XPath C 6.2 CX-Checker CX-model Sapid CX-model XML XML XML CX-Checker include XREF-model [5] CX-model SQMlint CX-Checker define C CX-model I IX-model IX-model CX-model Define macropattern macrobody macrocall 4 CX-model IX-model IT OJL On the Job Learning [1] Goodliffe, P.: Code Craft (2007). [2] GNU Coding Standard, available from [3] MISRA-C MISRA-C- (2004). [4] CX-checker: C 2009 pp (2009). [5] Atsumi, N., Yamamoto, S., Kobayashi, T. and Agusa, K.: An XML C source code interchange format for CASE tools, Proc. IEEE Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC2011 ), pp (2011). [6] Kernighan, B.W. and Ritchie, D.M.: C programming language, 2nd edition, Prentice Hall (1988). [7] RainCode Checker, available from [8] Checkstyle, available from [9] XML C 73 5L-4 (2011). [10] C Vol.2010-EMB-17, No.10 (2010). [11] Aguiar, A., David, G. and Badros, G.J.: JavaML 2.0: Enriching the markup language for Java source code, Proc. XML: Aplicações e Tecnologias Associadas (XATA2004 ) (2004). [12] XML Vol.44, No.6, pp (2003). [13] Maruyama, K. and Yamamoto, S.: A CASE tool platform using an XML representation of Java source code, Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Source Code Analysis and Manipulation (SCAM 04 ), pp (2004). [14] Kawashima, H. and Gondow, K.: Experience with ANSI C markup language for a cross-referencer, Proc. 36th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS 03 ), Track 9 (10pages) (2003). [15] Collard, M.L.: Addressing source code using srcml, Proc. IEEE International Workshop on Program Comprehension (IWPC 05 ) (2005). [16] Brad King. GCC-XML (2011), available from c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 599

11 [17] XML Vol.2005-SE-149, No.8 (2005). [18] Badros, G.J.: JavaML: A markup language for java source code, Proc. International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2000 ), pp (2000). [19] Document type definition of CX-model, available from [20] CASE Sapid Vol.39, No.6, pp (1998). [21] XPath Vol.2010-SE-167, No.28 (2010) ACM IEEE IEEE ACM ABS IC / ISO IEEE ACM c 2012 Information Processing Society of Japan 600