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1 1,a) 1,b) 1,c) WSNs SVM A Bayesian Network based Method for Reducing Noise-data for Anomaly Detection in Flexible Wireless Sensor Networks Takanobu Otsuka 1,a) Tatsunosuke Tsuboi 1,b) Takayuki Ito 1,c) Abstract: A lot of researches for anomaly detection by the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been conducted so far. The existing WSNs required specialized knowledge and skills for installing sensors in environments such as houses, buildings, etc. Thus, we have developed a flexible WSN based on little sensor devises that can be easily installed. Only things users need to do is place them at where they want sense, and provide some information to the server via a web page. Then, These little sensor devises automatically create wireless networks, start communicate with the central server for logging continues data, and show anomalies by using a basic Bayesian Network based inference. The problem is that there are a lot of noise data that prevent correct inferences. Thus, in this paper, we propose a method for reducing noise data based on location sampling of real human movements. Our experimental results show our method is effective for raising the correctness of inference for detecting anomaly data. Keywords: Wireless Sensor Network, Anomaly Detection, Noise Reduce, Bayesian Network 1 Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, , Japan a) otsuka.takanobu@nitech.ac.jp b) tsuboi.tatsunosuke@nitech.ac.jp c) ito.takayuki@nitech.ac.jp 1. c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 1

2 % 69.5% Support Vector Machine(SVM) [7] ALSOK [8] [1], [2][3] RFID [4] [5] [6], 2.2 Anomaly Detection[10] Anomaly Detection [11] MRI [12] [13] c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 2

3 情報処理学会研究報告 ユーザの観点から重要なことから センサ間の条件付き依 存関係を考慮したベイジアンネットワークによるセンサの 異常値を検出する研究 [14] ワイヤレスセンサネットワー クを使って位置検出を行うシステムにおいて 敵によって 引き起こされる位置情報の異常を検出するため統計モデル を使う研究 [15] 気象データを収集する分散型ワイヤレス センサネットワーク内の異なるノードから集めたデータを 融合し スペクトル理論を使った異常検出を行う研究 [16] などがある 以上の研究の特徴として異常状態と正常状態 の定義がしやすいことが挙げられる 一方 我々は独居高 図 1 センサユニット筐体外観図 内部図 Fig. 1 Housing and internal components 齢者における異常は通常の生活パターンの中での異常を検 スは文脈異常 または条件付き異常 と呼ばれる 各デー 知することを目標としている そのため 通常の生活の中 タインスタンスはコンテキスト属性と行動属性を持ち コ における境界が決定しづらい状況の中で異常と正常の境 ンテキスト属性により各インスタンスの状況を行動属性で 界を設定する必要がある 本研究は 単純な人感センサの 各インスタンスの文脈とは関係のない特性を定義する 3 データによる異常検知を行うため 教師あり学習を行うこ つ目は関連するデータインスタンスのコレクションがデー とが出来る SVM を用いることとした 更に ノイズデー タセット全体に対して異常である場合 そのデータインス タをベイジアンネットワークを用いた手法により除去する タンスのコレクションは集団異常と呼ばれる ことで 異常検知精度が向上することを確認した 3. ワイヤレスセンサネットワークによる異常 検知 3.1 設置が容易なセンサネットワークの開発 我々は独自にワイヤレスセンサネットワークシステムの 本研究では介護ドメインと研究室ドメインにおいて共通 する 日常とは違う時間帯での活動という文脈異常 の検 出を目的としている また実証実験では研究室内において 行っているが 共通する異常を対象としている点では研究 室ドメインでの異常検出手法は介護や見守りドメインにお いても同様に適用可能であると考えている 設計 開発を行った センサユニットは電池駆動 無線通 高齢者見守り支援においての異常とは 日常の活動して 信が可能で人感センサを搭載し 置くだけで設置が完了す いる時間帯という文脈からデータを解析し 日常とは違う る 受信ユニットには マイクロプロセッサを内蔵してお 異なる行動という文脈異常を検出することを目的としてい り センサ ID と検知時刻を統合してサーバーへ送信する る また 機械学習により設置宅毎に通常の生活パターン 以上により センサユニットに関しては置くだけで設置が を学習させることによって個々の生活パターンに応じた異 完了するワイヤレスセンサネットワークシステムを開発 常検知を行うことが可能となる した 受信ユニットはセンサユニットから送信される情報と 実際にワイヤレスセンサネットワークシステムから取得 されたセンサデータの例を表 1 に示す ZigBee モジュールが個々に持つ 64bit アドレスをサーバへ 送信する サーバは受信したデータを web ページを通して 表示し ユーザがセンシング状況を閲覧することを可能と している また実際にセンサユニットを設置する際には回路基板を デバイス ID 表 1 取得センサデータ例 電圧 検知時刻 :49: :49: :49: 筐体に格納して設置を行う 使用する筐体も事前実験での :49: 知見 [9] からアクリル製 75mm 角の黒い立方体を用いて設 :49: 置が容易な構造としている 筐体の外観と内部の写真を図 :49: に示す :49: :49: SVM による異常検知手法 Anomaly Detection[10] の研究分野では一般に異常の定 SVM に用いる素性は 開発したワイヤレスセンサネット 義はその異常の性質から 3 つのカテゴリに分類されている ワークシステムにより収集したデータによって生成する 1 つ目は個々のデータインスタンスがデータの残りの部分 表 1 に示したデータにより 3 つの素性を生成する 1 つ目 に対して異常とみなすことができる場合 そのインスタン はセンサデータの検知時刻の 時間 2 つ目はセンサデー スは点異常と呼ばれる 2 つ目はデータインスタンスが特 タの検知時刻の 分 そして 3 つ目はセンサデータの検知 定の文脈に対して異常がある場合 そのデータインスタン 時刻の 秒 である 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 3

4 SVM SVM 3.3 SVM SVM [18], SMOTE [17] Fig. 2 Laboratory layout diagram of sensor units 4.2 a,b, c A,B, C 4 A,B,C A A A B A C B C B C 3. a b ab 1 c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 4

5 π 1 = P (a), π 2 = P (b), π 3 = P (c), (3) π 4 = P ( ) π 1 + π 2 + π 3 + π 4 = 1 (4) (3) (4) 3 3 Fig. 3 Flow model in Laboratory 2 2 Table 2 Transition probability AA AB AC A BA BB BC B CA CB CC C A B C p aa p ab p ac p aδ P = p ba p bb p bc p bδ p ca p cb p cc p (1) cδ p δa p δb p δc (2) P = (2) Table 3 Stationary stochastic π π π π Table 4 Probabilities of cause node P(δa) P(aa) P(ab) P(ac) P(bb) P(bc) P(cc) P(noise) A A bδ,cδ,δb δ 4 3 bδ cδ c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 5

6 Table 5 5 Confidence factors of caused nodes aa ab ac aδ ba bb bc bδ ca cb cc cδ δa δb δc P(NOISE X) P(δA X) P(AA X) P(AB X) P(AC X) P(BB X) P(BC X) P(CC X) SMOTE SVM SMOTE [17] F 5 F (Precision) (6) (Recall) (7) (8) F F = (5) = (6) = F = 2 P recision Recall P recision + Recall (7) (8) SMOTE SMOTE 5-fold-cross-validation[21] F 6 F RBF RBF c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 6

7 6 Table 6 Evaluation of each kernel function before noise reduction F RBF Table 7 Evaluation of each kernel function after noise reduction F RBF SVM SMOTE 6. RBF RBF 2 3 [1] [2] (E) vol.125-e, no.6, pp , June 2005 [3] Vol.102,2003 [4],,, RFID,. IIS,,2009. [5],,,, No,75-760, [6],,,, Vol.122, [7]., [8] ALSOK., price.html [9] Takanobu Otsuka, Tatsunosuke Tsuboi, Takayuki Ito, Prototyping and evaluation of a wireless sensor network that aims easy installation,the 26TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INDUS- TRIAL,ENGINEERING & OTHER APPLICATIONS OF APPLIED INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS, [10] Varun Chandola, Arindam Banerjee, and Vipin Kumar, Anomaly Detection: A Survey, Technical Report,Department of Computer Science and Engineering University of Minnesota, TR ,2007. [11] Kumar, V Parallel and distributed computing for cybersecurity. Distributed Systems Online, IEEE 6, [12] Spence, C., Parra, L., and Sajda, P Detection, synthesis and compression in mammo- graphic image analysis with a hierarchical image probability model. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Mathematical Methods in Biomedical Image Analysis. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 3. [13] Fujimaki, R., Yairi, T., and Machida, K An approach to spacecraft anomaly detection problem using kernel feature space. In Proceeding of the eleventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery in data mining. ACM Press, New York, NY, USA, [14] Janakiram, D., Reddy, V., and Kumar, A Outlier detection in wireless sensor networks using bayesian belief networks. In First International Conference on Communication SystemSoftware and Middleware. 16. [15] Du. W Fang, L., and Peng, N Lad: localization anomaly detection for wireless sensor networks. J. Parallel Distrib. Comput. 66, 7, [16] Chatzigiannakis, V., Papavassiliou, S., Grammatikou, M., and Maglaris, B Hierarchical anomaly detection in distributed large-scale sensor networks. In ISCC c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 7

8 06: Proceedings of the 11th IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications. IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, [17] Nitesh V. Chawla, Kevin W. Bowyer, Lawrence O. Hall,W. Philip Kegelmeyer, SMOTE: Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique,Journal of Articial Intelligence Research [18] Rehan Akbani, Stephen Kwek, and Nathalie Japkowicz, Applying Support Vector Machines to Imbalanced Datasets, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Volume 3201, 2004, pp (2002) [19],, JAWS [20] Vladimir N. Vapnik A Training Algorithm for Optimal Margin Classifiers 5th COLT, pp (1992) [21] A Practical Guide to Support Vector Classfication cjlin/papers/guide/guide.pdf c 2013 Information Processing Society of Japan 8

IPSJ SIG Technical Report Vol.2013-ICS-172 No /11/12 1,a), 1,b) Anomaly Detection 1. 1 Nagoya Institute of Technology 1 Presently with Nagoya In

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